Negative Effect of Internet Essay

You are at home in the U.S.A. and want to contact a friend in Ecuador, so you use the internet to communicate and life is better now. While, internet shortens the distances there are also three other negative effects impersonal communication, community misinformation and identity theft. First of all, most of us know how to use a computer but, do you remember the last time you wrote a letter to your mother in Chicago instead of sending an e-mail? Each day people prefer more the use or impersonal communication media such as chat rooms, e-mail than calling or writing to their families. At this moment the contact between families is at risk. The second negative effect or internet appears to be related with the impersonate characteristic we talked previously. Because, internet is impersonal most of the time, is the perfect media for spreading rumors and misinforming the entire community. A very common form of misinformation is the use of chain letters. For example, someone sends you an e-mail saying that McDonald’s burgers are genetically engineered (and you believe it even without evidence) so you send the same e-mail to all your contacts. Within a few hours your contacts do same as you and hundreds of people believe in the e-mail without any attempt to confirm the content. The third and last negative effect of internet is the identity theft. If the chain letters we were talking about don’t scares you yet, pay attention to your personal information. Each day two out of five citizens suffer some king of identity theft. Because a lot of transactions are made through the internet it is easy to steal your social security number and your credit card number. Furthermore, sometimes you give the information to the thieves without knowing it when you apply for that risk free credit card online, or pay for products on-line. In summary, the internet can make communication fast but impersonal, can also misinform and somebody else can steal your identity, without your knowing. As a result, I encourage people to visit the family, don’t believe everything you see on the internet and be aware of where you use your personal data including credit cards.

Apologia Marine Essay

1. Definitions a. Metabolism- The process by whichc a living organism takes energy from its surroundings and uses it to sustain itself, develop and grow. b. Photosynthesis-the process by which an organism uses the energy from the sun to produce its own food c. Autotrophs- organisms that are able to produce their own food d. Heterotrophs- organisms that cannot make their own food and must obtain it from other organisms e. respiration — the process by which food is converted into usable energy for life functions f. homeostasis — the tendency of living organisms to control or regulate changes in their internal environment g. diffusion — the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration h. osmosis — the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane i. osmoconformer — and organisms that allows its internal concentration of salts to change in order to match the external concentration of salts in the surrounding water j. Osmo regulator — an organism that regulates its internal concentration of salts k. Poikilotherm- an organism whose body temperature changes with its surrounding environment l. ectotherm — an organism whose body temperature is controlled by its surrounding environment m. homeotherm- an animal that maintains a controlled internal body temperature using its own heating and cooling of mechanisms n. Endotherm- an animal whose internal body temperature is a result of internal sources of heat o. a sexual reproduction — reproduction accomplished by a single organism p. sexual reproduction — reproduction that involves the union of gametes from two organisms: a male and a female q. binomial nomenclature — identifying an organism by a genus and species name 2. carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids 3. oxygen levels would be lower at night than during the day 4. no, they must feed on extra material made by photos synthesizing plants 5. no, both groups containing organisms like that 6. population 7. water will travel through osmosis to the outside 8. the body fluids would change. There would be more concentration of  dissolved substances in the body 9. no. They could have warm blood if their environment is warm 10. yes 11. no 12. the plant from the cutting 13. the cell with 24 chromosomes 14. the cell with 12 chromosomes 15. yes

Challenges in Cyber Security for Business in Australian IT Companies

Discuss About the Cyber Security for Business in Australian IT? With the increasing use of technologies like Internet of Things, Cloud, and Big Data, even the critical infrastructure of companies is exposed to risks. The global internet penetration today is estimated to be 3.4 billion. The dependence on technology is increasing in Australian IT companies and so is increasing the risk of security threats that the systems of these companies face. These threats include identify theft, Botnet attacks, ransom ware attacks, data manipulation, cyber warfare, and more  ( Commonwealth of Australia, 2015). In this research, the security challenges that are faced by the Australian IT companies would be studied in order to understand their impacts on companies as well as to identify security solutions or mitigation strategies that can help overcome these challenges in IT companies. The research makes use of both secondary and primary investigation on the security threats and solutions. Cyber security incidences in Australian organizations including identity theft, data theft, and frauds have increased in past few years which have affected the image of the brands in the country. Thus, cyber security has become a national priority of Australian government. The national losses in Australia that have occurred due to cyber security threats make up 1% of its GDP which is over $17 billion dollars per year. The government has formulated a cyber security strategy to make Australia a safe place for business. The security strategy targets cleaning of cyber infrastructure, strong penalties for cyber criminals, and accountability of CEOs to security, reduced disruption it services due to cyber threats, and increased confidence of consumers in cyber space  (Cisco, 2013). In the Australian IT organizations, maintaining security is the cyber space is a big area of concern. 6.2% of the data Espionage which is a targeted attack popular with cyber criminals have affected IT companies in 2015  (Bakhtiari, et al., 2015). Social Engineering which is an attack launched on people are so sophisticated that they can penetrate been the most hardened system such that any level of network security cannot prevent the attack. As per the internet report of Akamai State, 4.18% of the DDoS attacks had originated from Australia in 2015  (James, 2016). The aim of this research is to explore the challenges in cyber security in Australian IT companies and identify solutions to overcome these challenges such that security can be enhanced. To achieve the aim of this research, certain research questions are required to be answered including: Based on these research questions, certain objectives of the research can be formulated as follows: In this research, the security challenges faced by IT companies in Australia would be explored using a mixed research methodology involving a Literature Review data analysis and snowball sampling, and a needs assessment survey method in which IT managers would be involved as respondents who would be answering a research questionnaire. The data analysis of the secondary data obtained from the literature study would be used for creating the questionnaire for the primary survey which would thus, help in testing the effectiveness of each solution identified in the snowball sampling of the past researches  (Bendassolli, 2013). This section explores the process of sampling, data collection methods, variables to be used in primary survey, research model, and data analysis methods that would be used in this research. Researcher would take 30 respondents for the survey based on convenience and purposive quota sampling techniques. The sample would include IT Managers and Security professionals from Australian IT organizations. For identifying the challenges that would be explored in this research, a snowball sampling method is used in which past literature and research studies are explored to identify security challenges and their mitigation strategies. There would be seven types of security attacks that would be explored including Denial of Service, Insider Attacks, Phishing attacks, Web Application attacks, brute force attacks, social engineering, and malware attacks. For each of these attacks, the solutions would also be identified in the literature review and would be included in the survey questionnaire for testing their effectiveness in enhancing security of an organization  (Bhattacherjee, 2012). Some of the issues are already identified in previous researches and their mitigation strategies are also identified and thus, literature review would first form the basis for data collection on the security issues and solutions. Based on this literature review, a snow ball sampling would be used to collect data on security concerns and solution methods  (Bickmore, 2012). The papers that would be used for snowball sampling would be published between 2006 and 2016. This would be done to primarily identify security issues faced by organizations as well as solutions that have been tried by various companies across the world  (Wisdom & Creswell, 2013). On the basis of this data, the questions for the survey would be presented to test if the same problems and solutions can be applied to the case of IT companies in Australia. A primary data would be collected for further exploration of the challenges and mitigation strategies used in IT companies. This data would be collected from respondents through an online survey that would be posted on Survey Monkey website. In case respondents do not reply, the researcher would make calls to them to ask them to fill the questionnaire or would take the responses and fill the questionnaire himself  (HP Enterprise, 2015). The research involves a primary data collection and analysis for which certain variables would be created based on the data collected and the questions asked in the survey  (Bryman & Bell, 2011). These variables would store data on security challenges, their impacts on business, and mitigation strategies. These three variables would be independent while there would also be dependent variables that would include security enhancements and security levels that would be studied and measured along the independent variables to understand if specific security mitigation or threat prevention methods were successful in enhancing security in respective organizations  (Kumar & Ahuja, 2014). This research uses a mixed research methodology that involves collection of secondary qualitative data that would be analysed using thematic analysis and the primary survey data that would be analyzed using statistical analysis methods. The choice of mixed methods is made as this research needs to explore the concept of security in IT companies to explain and make interpretations. As mixed research allows exploration of the idea from different perspectives and at different levels, a deeper understanding of phenomenon can be obtained  (Cameron, 2009). A mixed research method can use any of the research design strategies from the following designs: Sequential explanatory: In the sequential explanatory research design, first the primary data is collected and analysed and then secondary data is collected and analysed in support. Sequential Exploratory: In the sequential exploratory research design, first the secondary data is collected and analysed and then primary data is collected and analysed in support. Sequential Transformative: In this method, primary and secondary data are collected and analysed separately but the collective results are then interpreted  (Wisdom & Creswell, 2013). Concurrent Triangulation: In this method, two methods are used for cross-validation of findings from each other. Concurrent Nested: In this method, one method may be nested inside the other method of investigation Concurrent Transformative: In this type of analyses both method are used for evaluation of a theoretical perspective. In this research, a sequential approach to mixed research would be used such that the secondary data on security threats and mitigation strategies would first be collected and analysed to identify themes of security concerns and solutions. These themes would then be used for developing a questionnaire for the primary data collection and analysis. This analysis would test the methods identified as solutions for security in the secondary research  (DHS, 2009). Data analysis would be conducted in two parts. In the first part, the literature data would be analyzed using snowball sampling to identify security threats and mitigation strategies from secondary research papers. One the basis of the results obtained in this investigation, a questionnaire would be prepared for the primary research and the data obtained from the survey would then be analyzed using statistical analysis on SPSS. Different variables would be explored and studied for correlation to understand if they have an impact on other variables. Correlation would be tested for understanding relationship between threats faced and security measures taken, security levels and security measures, and security measures and threat impacts. Upon finding the correlation between specific variables, a regression would be used to identify if they have a causal relationship between them. The research would involve a hypothesis testing where very mitigation strategy would be tested as causing s ecurity enhancements or preventing impacts of security threats on an organization  (DHS, 2009). The results from the analysis of the literature review including previous research reports would be a set of security concerns and mitigation strategies that are identified by previous researchers or their respondents in their researchers. The data would result into emergence of certain themes that would be used for developing primary research questionnaire  (Cameron, 2009). The result of the primary survey would be a statistical testing through which the identified mitigation strategies would be tested on specific security threats to understand if the strategies worked. The outcome would reveal the impacts of each type of threat on an organization as well as assess the effectiveness of the mitigation strategies behaving security in an IT company  (Bulusu & Sudia, 2011). The result of the primary analysis would reveal the security enhancement methods that have been effective in protecting systems of IT organization or help in mitigating impacts of security problem. The research would have limited sample size and thus, the results cannot be generalized for a wider audience. Another limitation is that the survey is conducted online which can make it difficult for the respondents to understand the purpose of the research and thus, in some cases, respondents may not choose to respond to the questionnaire. Since the survey is conducted online without intervention from the researcher, the respondent would respond to questions as per their own understanding which may differed from the objectives of the researcher. Another limitation of this research is that it tests only 7 security threats for IT companies and thus, it does not present solution for all kinds of security threats that can be faced by an IT organization. The aim of this study is to explore the security challenges faced by IT companies in Australia and identify methods that can help overcome these challenges by these organizations for which the research would make use of a mixed methodology. It involves study of past literature on security threats and solutions which are used to identify threats and solutions that can be tested for the Australian IT companies through the primary survey to understand which methods have been effective for protecting IT systems of companies and overcoming specific security threats. This research can be useful for organizations that are operating in the Australian market and are into IT space to understand what could be the potential security challenges that they would face while operating in the country and how they can use specific protection or motivation methods to enhance their security systems. This would also contribute to the body of knowledge on the security research as it not only studies the ch allenges and explore possible solutions but also tests the solutions to understand their effectiveness in ensuring security in an IT organization Commonwealth of Australia, 2015. AUSTRALIA’S CYBER  SECURITY STRATEGY: Enabling innovation, growth & prosperity, s.l.: Commonwealth of Australia. Sogeti’s, 2014. DIGITAL USER EXPERIENCE RESEARCH, s.l.: Aberdeen International Airport. Bakhtiari, S. et al., 2015. Australian Industry Report, s.l.: Australian Governmetn. Barnett-Page, E. & Thomas, J., 2009. Methods for the synthesis of qualitative research: A Critical Review, London: ESRC National Centre for Research Methods. Bendassolli, P. F., 2013. Theory Building in Qualitative Research: Reconsidering the Problem of Induction. Forum:Qualitative Social Research, 14(1), pp. 1-25. Bhattacherjee, A., 2012. Social Science Research: Principles, Methods, and Practices. Florida: Scholar Commons. Bickmore, T., 2012. Qualitative Research Methods: A Data Collector’s Field Guide, s.l.: FAMILY HEALTH INTERNATIONAL. Bryman, A. & Bell, E., 2011. International Business Management Research. 3rd ed. s.l.: Oxford UniversiReferencesData Collection Method ty Press. Bulusu, S. & Sudia, K., 2011. A Study on Cloud Computing Security Challenges, Sweden: Blekinge Institute of Technology. Cameron, R., 2009. A sequential mixed model research design: design, analytical and display issues, s.l.: Southern Cross University. Cisco, 2013. Australian Government Cyber Security Review, s.l.: Cisco. DHS, 2009. A Roadmap for Cybersecurity Research, s.l.: DHS. HP Enterprise, 2015. Cybersecurity Challenges, Risks, Trends, and Impacts: Survey Findings, s.l.: MIT. James, C., 2016. Cyber Security Threats, Challenges and Opportunities, s.l.: ACS. Kumar, A. & Ahuja, C., 2014. Cyber Security Research Developments: Global and Indian Context, s.l.: NASSCOM. Wisdom, J. & Creswell, J. W., 2013. Mixed Methods: Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Data Collection and Analysis While Studying Patient-Centered Medical Home Models, s.l.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Recycling Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Recycling - Research Paper Example From plastic products to glass, and chemicals such as medicine or paints, a complex of compounds, ceramics and mixtures are today an integrated part of our lives. This paper is not only about describing these commodities and products but also addresses their extraction, usage, re-usage and potential effects on our environment. Quintessentially, this paper on environmental studies discusses modern debate on waste reduction with special emphasis on recycling. In environmental sciences, containing waste hierarchy is defined as the cyclic process of reduction, reuse and recycling of waste material into new products. The potential threats and problems with waste material around us are humongous and cannot be left unaccounted for. Why Recycling? Recycling is a method through which man has enabled himself to live longer in its ambiance. It has empowered him to be cognizant of what potential harm his environment can bear without recycling. It is, therefore, desired to keep the lavishing with some audit and redressing mechanisms. For the sake of environment and human life on earth, the human intellect has been able to define the reduction, reuse and recycling process in its journey towards better living. The first basic â€Å"why† is discussed as we move on with this research. A mix of concerns and benefits can be categorized with the following remarks. Loss of useful contents such as advanced chemical compounds, expensive-to-manufacture contents of a material and other such important elements is one of the main outcomes of recycling. In addition to this primary outcome, a highly concerned matter of reduction in the use of important and depleting fresh raw material is also addressed with the help of recycling. Energy related woos are also somewhat satiated. But the real concern for the environmentalists is the issue of pollution and green house emissions. Scientists have extrapolated the situation to cost humanity 25% of the world population by AD 2100 if the rel entless waste and indifferent attitude towards emissions remains unabated. Those nations that have paid heed to this problem, such as UK, have been able to dedicate their energies in this regard. In 2006–2007 UK was able to recycle 26% of its domestic wastes (FOE, 2008). Pollution and environmental degradation have embarked towards a hodgepodge of potential threats through different routes. One such route is air pollution. It has caused a great deal of trouble to the global climate. Greenhouse emissions have emerged as detrimental as any natural calamity but on a fairly larger scale. The continuous rise in temperature extremities has rendered many areas no more habitable. Further health concerns due to polluted air, such as breathing problems, are endemic in many industrial areas. Another route that pollution has opted for staking man’s life is water pollution. Neonates and others die within days due to a complex nature of pollutants in their drinking water. Terminally ill patients in underdeveloped nations are mainly victims of unclean water. The high morbidity spreads through water usage in these areas. These nations are concerned, but wastes have gained a huge momentum that needs a proper solution to address these detrimental situations. Therefore, a collective effort to understand and implement the solution to wastes is underway. Recycling has now gained huge importance in the wake of continuously deteriorating environmental conditions. Recycling: What and How?

Nokia and Motorola Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Nokia and Motorola - Case Study Example The Nokia Company has emerged a market leader in the industry. The two companies are quoted in the London stock exchange and using the financial ratios and historical dividends paid we will be in a position to determine which is the best investment option. Nokia has a larger global market size than Motorola, in the second quarter of 2008 Nokia had a 40% global market share and this was a 2% increase in market share from the 2nd quarter of 2007. Motorola on the other had has a 9% market share today which is a decline from the market share in 2007 which was 18%. Therefore from the market share size it is evident that Motorola is loosing out and Nokia is expanding its market size, it is also clear that Nokia has a larger market share than Motorola and for this reason it is better to invest in the Nokia company due to the growth in the market share of the company which signify an increase in the profit levels in the near future. Nokia employs over 100,000 employees worldwide and over 30,000 of these employees are in research and development, therefore this means that the company has a large market area that requires more employees to serve consumers and that the research and development expenses incurred are ... is year, this means that the Motorola Company is facing financial problems and also that it lacks proper strategies to improve on the current situation. This also means that the Motorola company is facing stiff competition from its rivals and for this reason its only option is to cut down its production costs by laying off workers, this means that if nothing is done fast then the Motorola company may run bankrupt and shut down its operations. Regarding profits it is evident that in the Nokia company realized an 8 billion operation profit in the year 2007, this in contrast with the Motorola Company that made a 1.2 billion loss in the forth quarter of 2007, and this made the entire company to only realize a 100 million dollars profit in the forth quarter of 2007. Therefore a rational investor will invest in the Nokia Company. Divided history: In this section we analyze the divided payments by for both companies; the following chart summarizes the divided payments: The following table summarizes the dividends paid by the Nokia Company: Payable Date Amount ($) 4/17/1995 0.036 4/23/1996 0.04 15/4/97 0.043 4/10/1998 0.083 4/7/1999 0.129 4/10/2000 0.192 4/10/2001 0.248 4/16/2002 0.237 4/23/2003 0.304 4/23/2004 0.358 4/29/2005 0.43 4/26/2006 0.456 5/30/2007 0.58 5/30/2008 0.834 The values in the table can be summarized in a chart as follows: From the chart above it is evident that Nokia divideds have increased over the years, this is can be explained by the increase in profits over the years. Motorolla divideds over the years is sumarised in the table below: date Amount

Respones paper for the film Omar (2014), directed by Hani Abu Assaid Movie Review

Respones paper for the film Omar (2014), directed by Hani Abu Assaid - Movie Review Example Three Palestinian men (Tarek, Omar, and Amjad) who have been friends since childhood pass through the all aspects of their struggle against downtrodden position of their nation facing different challenges and overcoming the obstacles on their sacred way to the free breath. Among various natural for national conflicts implications including double game and treachery of people the main characters run into interdependent relations not only because of their friendship and common idea but for the love of two of them (Omar and Amjad) for one girl Nadia, Tarek’s sister. This is the fact that shows contradictory human features of the main characters, namely: the love motivates Omar to struggle with more intense in order not to lose Nadia, and it makes Amjad to rat not only his friends but the opposition movement for the purpose to be with the girl. One of the characteristics of the film is its symbolism which plays a great role in the ideological content. There are several symbols which impersonate the issue of forced and separated life of Palestinians (the wall) and the trick as a specification of the fight conduct (the parable about the way which is used by hunters for catching monkeys). As a matter of fact the symbols together with the recent theme help the director to make the film a burning one because its plot probably cannot leave anyone indifferent. â€Å"Omar† is the drama that brightly shows the idea Palestinian identity and the desire to live free and without control of any other government but their own. It is notable on the moments when ordinary people support their opposition leaders and assist them in hiding or running from the Israeli police. They are so tired of dependent position that their only will is to bring their discharge as quick as possible. There is the reflection of some features of Palestinian culture in the film, that is, the way of

Police statics discussion 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Police statics discussion 2 - Assignment Example 1). Finally, the data published by the US Department of Health and Human Services focus on drug use, alcohol use, tobacco use, substance abuse, among others (US DHHS, 2010). What are the major strengths and weaknesses of each? The strengths of the FBI reports are the availability and accessibility to crime reports on the most updated manner, where the latest statistics provided is for the year 2013. The weakness is that some data are not provided; for instance, the site disclosed that in violent crimes, clearance and arrest data are not available (FBI, n.d.). For the NCVS, the strength is the clear structure of the reports; while the weakness is that the latest information available is 2012 (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2013). Finally, the information provided by the DHHS is also comprehensive in the area of drug use; however, the weakness is that the latest available statistics pertain to the year 2010 (US DHHS, 2010). Which of the three different examples do you think is the most useful from a practitioners perspective and why? From a practitioner’s perspective, the most useful would depend on the statistics needed as well as the information on the type of crime that the practitioner needs. Yet, the most current and updated statistics provided by the FBI is deemed to be most relevant since it provides the most updated information that reveals current and historical patterns. US DHHS. (2010). Results from the 2010 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings. Retrieved December 16, 2014, from oas.samsha.gov:

Antigone by Sophocles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Antigone by Sophocles - Essay Example The ancient Greek play Antigone, written around 442 BC by the famous dramatist Sophocles, has become one of the world’s classics and has been widely published, performed and adapted in many languages and formats across the world. It is a memorable play, characterized by a background of death and destruction, and the strong figures of Antigone and Creon, who are locked in opposition over what is to be done with the dead body of Antigone’s brother Polyneices. Major themes like the duty of a statesman (Creon) to protect his citizens against traitors, the duty of a woman (Antigone) to honor her relatives with a decent burial, and the duty of all to respect the gods are developed in the play. The various characters are depicted taking up positions which demonstrate a number of different heroic qualities. In the opening scene Ismene appears to be timid and she hides behind her gender to avoid facing up to the conflict that is presented to her by Antigone: â€Å"We must remember that by birth we’re women,/and as such, we shouldn’t fight with men† Ismene realizes that she has a duty to bury her brother, but her approach is to back away from that and rely on the mercy of the gods and the dead: â€Å"So I’ll ask those underground for pardon†. Ismene is concerned above all with her image as a woman, and she is very aware of how her actions will make her appear to other people. She wants to be seen as a perfect woman, meek and obedient: â€Å"But I can’t act against the state.... Ismene cannot face up to life alone, and so she speaks out of weakness, and a desire to suffer death in order to spare herself still more suffering later. The lowly Guard is the character who most clearly operates solely in his own best interests. He is afraid of Creon, with good reason, because he knows that he has failed in his duty to watch over the corpse of Polyneices and could face very severe consequences, even death, if he does not make good his error. He has news for Creon, but makes sure that he communicates his concern about his own fate first: â€Å"Guard: I want to tell you first about myself./ I did not do it. And I didn’t see/the one who did. So it would be unjust/if I should come to grief.† (Antigone, lines 275- 277). This pleading makes him look like an unruly child, trying to explain away his conduct in front of an angry father. He also tries to spread the blame amongst his colleagues saying â€Å"Every one of us was responsible./but none of us was cl early in the wrong.† (Antigone, lines 301-302). He did not volunteer to be the bringer of bad news, but was chosen by â€Å"the luck of the draw† (Antigone, line 317) which shows that he is at the mercy of fate, and just following what he has to do, rather than making a moral decision about it. The first instinct that he has is to run away from his job and save his own life. He is not particularly loyal to his employer, but just wants to save his own skin. In the end he sees a chance to redeem himself, and keep his job, by offering up the woman he has caught in the act of burying the corpse. The way that he keeps changing his mind shows that he is willing to act opportunistically, based on whatever

Raw's paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Raw's - Term Paper Example Your idea is conventional; furthermore, it is in your best interest that the largest numbers of customers share the benefits. Indeed, corporations are widely revered for their success in the business world. The first major advantage of this model is limited liability of the stakeholders of the business (McQuaig & Billie 751). In case the business is declared, bankrupt or is engaged in a very expensive lawsuit the stakeholders are only entitled to pay amounts equivalent to their holding in the company. This assures the stakeholders that the debt will not exceed their personal property as experienced in sole proprietorships and partnerships. If the credits owed are not payable, there will be liquidation of the assets. This limits any personal obligation of the company’s stakeholders on the debt of the entity. This can guarantee the stakeholders a soft landing despite the unfavorable conditions since their personal property is intact. Secondly, a corporation is a distinct legal person illustrating that it has its jurisdiction. This means that the firm will possess its own property, engage in contracts, acquire, and terminate its possessions. This is beneficial, as the property of the firm will not be attached to individuals. However, the company will utilize this independently to satisfy the objectives of the firm. In legal proceedings, it is the company that is indicated and not the owners or employees of the firm (McQuaig & Billie 751). The business can pursue its operations when the executives are relieved of their positions. In sole proprietorship, the business is not separate from the owner; therefore, the proprietor determines the dissemination of resources in the organization. A contract is not detachable from a sole proprietor since his signature certifies the deal and he is obligated to fulfill the requirements. Since he is not eligible for the same exception as a corporation,

Libyan Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Libyan Revolution - Essay Example Through the end of the paper, the reasons of the tyrant leader behind the desire to stay in power are tackled and the implications the regime has brought to Libya and the possible dreadful effects if the current tyrant leader will remain. Qaddafi’s Failure Libya’s leader for more than four decades, Muammar Qaddafi, has failed to protect its people. Under the emergent international law, it is the duty of a nation’s leader to protect its people at all costs. As a leader, it is a responsibility to serve the country and the people in it without self-vested interests. Unfortunately, Qaddafi failed in all these. (http://www.csmonitor.com/World/terrorism-security/2011/0223/Libya-corruption-cult-of-personality-drive-Qaddafi-s-grip-on-power-WikiLeaks-cable) Before entering Benghazi, Qaddafi vowed that he will show no mercy to those people who express negative thoughts about the tyrant regime. Reports show a number of unmerciful executions, indiscriminate shootings and rap es. He called the military action to put an end to these revolts. The actions of this regime are unbecoming for Surname 3 someone who is supposed to protect its people. A huge picture of injustice is vividly present in the soil of Libya. As a result, a massive uprising has started. He ignited the fire that’s burning in the hearts of his people to unite themselves and hold such upheaval against his tyranny. The world has witnessed tremendous change in the minds of a Muslim world. The rejection of Al-Qaeda’s preaching and the act of embracing the ideals of freedom that republic countries highly cherish are visible now in the actions of the Libyan citizens. http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/libyan-forces-fire-on-mourners-at-funeral-again-as-death-toll-rises-to-more-than-200/story-e6freuy9-1226009324524 Corruption in Libya is also widespread. According to the Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index in 2009, Libya ranked a130th of 180 countries. (United Nations, 2010) The Qaddafi government’s integrity has been undermined by favouritism that is based on connections – family and personal. The Qaddafi clan is exercising a near-full control of the major government decisions. See table below Surname 4 The wealth that the Qaddafi clan has accumulated through the assistance of international corporations in the years of the leader’s regime helped ensure his control of Libya. The tens of billions of dollars is said to be the source of payment to his soldiers, mercenaries and allies that help him to stay in power or at least delay his removal form his position. (Unknown, 2011, p 65) This clearly shows how corrupt the Qaddafi government is and one the many grounds for his removal. The Qaddafi government has exploited not only the business sector that is willing to do business with him but also the willing governments. Banks in Libya have gathered profitable fees by helping Iran launder massive sums of wealth in violation of the international sanction sin Tehran. Staying in Power Shutting down communications, refusal of foreign press and killing protesters are some of the ways of the dictator, Qaddafi, in order to sustain power over Libya. Just like any other dictator, Qaddafi would like to stay in power. Hundreds of supporters have offered themselves to be his human shield in case of bombings inside the Qaddafi compound. Supporters say that they are one with the leader and if someone tries to shoot

Introduction to Communication Skills Essay Example for Free

Introduction to Communication Skills Essay Doing this involves effort from both the sender of the message and the receiver. And its a process that can be fraught with error, with messages often misinterpreted by the recipient. When this isnt detected, it can cause tremendous confusion, wasted effort and missed opportunity. In fact, communication is only successful when both the sender and the receiver understand the same information as a result of the communication. By successfully getting your message across, you convey your thoughts and ideas effectively. When not successful, the thoughts and ideas that you convey do not necessarily reflect your own, causing a communications breakdown and creating roadblocks that stand in the way of your goals – both personally and professionally. In a recent survey of recruiters from companies with more than 50,000 employees, communication skills were cited as the single more important decisive factor in choosing managers. The survey, conducted by the University of Pittsburghs Katz Business School, points out that communication skills, including written and oral presentations, as well as an ability to work with others, are the main factor contributing to job success. In spite of the increasing importance placed on communication skills, many individuals continue to struggle with this, unable to communicate their thoughts and ideas effectively – whether in verbal or written format. This inability makes it nearly impossible for them to compete effectively in the workplace, and stands in the way of career progression. Getting your message across is paramount to progressing. To do this, you must understand what your message is, what audience you are sending it to, and how it will be perceived. You must also weigh-in the circumstances surrounding your communications, such as situational and cultural context.

Anita and Meena in Anita and Me and Piggy and Ralph in Lord of the Flies Essay Example for Free

Anita and Meena in Anita and Me and Piggy and Ralph in Lord of the Flies Essay In both Anita and Me and Lord of the Flies, the characters have very much the same type of friendship. The two people in the friendship are not on the same level when they are together. For example, in Anita and Me, Meena is never seen as more superior to Anita and Piggy is never seen as superior to Ralph. Despite this fact, the reader can obviously tell that both Meena and Piggy are more intellectually superior to Anita and Ralph. These two friendships in both books undergo changes as incidents occur such as the forming of Jacks tribe in Lord of the Flies and when Anitas other friends abandon her. These changes really force both Anita and Ralph, the more superior of the two friendships to rely heavily on the inferior of the friendships, Piggy and Meena for emotional support. If these parts of the two books were looked at in detail, the reader would see that both Ralph and Anita usually feel as if they cannot continue and Meena and Piggy are usually the people who help them through their difficult times and provide support. At the beginning of Anita and Me, Anita is portrayed as quite an attractive young girl and one with the power to have control over people, Anita was the undisputed cock of our yardher foghorn voice, foul mouth indicated she was carrying enough testosterone around to earn the titleshe had the face of a pissed-off cherub, huge green eyes, blonde hair and a curling mouth Here we can see that Anita is described as the undisputed cock of our yard. This illustrates how she is a very powerful girl. The fact that features such as blonde hair, large green eyes and a face of a cherub are resembled in her suggest that she is quite an angelic, good and polite young girl. This, however, is contradicted by her foghorn voice and foul mouth. This shows us how she is not really what she seems and that even though she may look tough and powerful, she really is quite a lonely, sad girl. If we compare Anitas appearance to Meenas, we see a large difference: the winter coat, the scabbed knees, my stubborn nine-year old face not because I was too young or badly dressed, it was something else, something about me so offputting, so unimaginable. Meena describes herself as very unattractive. When compared to Anita, we can see that it is the truth. Anitas description gives her maturity and superiority while Meenas make her seem as if she is a little nine-year old girl who does not possess the same maturity and superiority as Anita. It is very much the same as Lord of the Flies with Piggy and Ralphs friendship. At the beginning, our first impression gained of Ralph is of an athletic and attractive young boy: He was old enough, twelve years and a few months, to have lost the prominent tummy of childhoodyou could see now that he might make a boxer, as far as width and heaviness of shoulders went, buy there was a mildness about his mouth and eyes that proclaimed no devil Here Ralph is described in an attractive way and he, like Anita, can be described in two different ways: firstly as a boxer which portrays Ralph as a strong, powerful man while the mildness about his mouth and eyes shows that he is still an innocent pleasant young boy. In the same way Anita is friends with Meena in Anita and Me, Ralph is friends with Piggy. Piggy is very similar to Meena. Both Piggy and Meena are not as attractive as Ralph and Anita. In this way, they are seen as insuperior to them: The naked crooks of his knees were plump, caught and scratched by thorns Here Piggys description does not portray him as either very attractive or very interesting. The fact that his knees are scratched by thorns makes Piggy seem quite young as you normally imagine young children to have scratched knees. Ralph is described as almost a man. This is another way in which Piggy is depicted as inferior to Ralph. Another way in which Ralph and Anita are described as greater than Piggy and Meena are when they meet. When Anita talks to Meena for the first time, she assumes that she is more superior to Meena. then snatched the bag off me and began walking away as she ate When Anita meets Meena, she snatches a bag of sweets from her and starts to walk away. She expects Meena to follow and what I find surprising is that Meena seems to think that this is fine and she feels happy to follow her a few paces behind. Meena feels privileged to be in Anitas company. Anita realises this and uses it to her advantage. Anita has got used to realising that she is normally the leader of a group and that she has the ability to exert a lot of power. Ralph also assumes that he is superior when he meets Piggy. When Piggy asks what Ralphs name is, Ralph does not return the gesture: The fat boy waited to be asked his name in turn buy this proffer of acquaintance was not made Here Ralph is portrayed as quite arrogant. We can see that Ralph obviously feels in some way superior to this fat boy and therefore he feels that he is not the same level as him. Throughout the book, Ralph has a certain amount of superiority over Piggy and uses it often. When Jack, Simon and Ralph explore the island for the first time and Piggy asks to come, Ralph embaraces him by refusing to let him come. The same is done in Anita and Me, as Anita is throughout the book more superior to Meena. Both Meena and Piggy do not belong to the groups that are formed in the books. Piggy is far too intellectual and mature for the games played and he is the odd one out of the group, as is Simon. Meena too does not fit in to Anitas group. She describes herself as too young for Anitas consideration and too old for the children. Even when she does join Anitas group, she sometimes feels out of place. Towards the end of both books, both Anita and Ralph find that they need support when their close friends leave them. In Anita and Me, Anita experiences this when her mother leaves: she always seemed older than her peers. But when I spied her sitting alone on the park swings, from a distance, her crumpled face and hunched shoulders turned her momentarily into a little old lady. When Anitas mother and the poet leave her, Anita feels depressed and lonely. Meena, although she is angry with her, feels sorry for Anita and tries to comfort and support her. This shows how Meena, even though she is portrayed as insuperior to Anita, is the more stable of the two girls. Meena has two loving parent who look after her well and a baby brother while Anita lives with her unreliable mother who is hardly there for her and a father who sees her very rarely. Ralph also finds himself in this situation when the boys divide into two groups and Ralph is left only with Simon and Piggy: Piggy Uh? What are we going to do? Piggy looked at the conch. You could- Call an assembly? Ralph laughed sharply as he said the word and Piggy frowned. Here we can see the difference in Ralphs way of talking to Piggy. We can see that Ralph has no idea of what to do now that Jack has made his own tribe. Ralph now finds that he is relying on Piggy to help and support him through his time of need. Ralph also uses the word we instead of I. This shows how Ralph feels that both him and Piggy are now in their own tribe. It also shows how Ralph is letting Piggy be on the same level as him by using we. Another way in, which the friendship of Anita and Meena and the friendship between Ralph and Piggy are similar, is the ending of the friendship. At the end of the book, Meena realises that Anita is not the person she should be a best friend with: I dont give a toss what your sister [Anita] does, Tracey. Yow can tell her that from me. At this point, Meena has realised that Anita has not treated her as well as she should have been treated. Meena learns this from making friends with two other people who treat her well and are true friends. When Meena returns from hospital, she doesnt socialise much and is happy doing things alone. Anita, jealous of her happiness and the love she receives from her parents, sends threatening notes to her in the hope of scaring Meena. At this point we can really see that Meena is superior to Anita as Anita tries to make a desperate attempt at trying to feel more superior and secure by threatening her. The same happens in Lord of the Flies. After Piggy has died, Ralph realises what a great friend Piggy really was to him and how much he needs him when Jacks tribe turn against him: And in the middle of them, with filthy body, unwiped nose, Ralph wept for the end of innocence, the darkness of mans heart, and the fall through the air of the true, wise friend called Piggy. Here we can see that Ralphs image of a strong, powerful young man is lost and we see him as a young naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve boy in contrast to Piggy who is described as wise. Before, Piggy was portrayed as a fat, asthmatic boy who was inferior to Ralph but now we see that Piggy is superior to Ralph. Ralph realises this and feels bad in the way he treated Piggy. Towards the end of both books, the characters who were portrayed as superior: Anita and Ralph find it hard to cope when Meena and Piggy leave them. In Anita and Me, when Meena breaks the friendship between herself and Anita, Anita begins to find that she is jealous of Meena and sends her threatening notes. Similarly in Lord of the Flies, when Piggy dies, Ralph finds it hard to cope. He is left all alone and is abandoned by his so-called friends who he preferred to Piggy in the beginning. In both cases we find how much Ralph and Anita depended on Piggy and Meena to make them feel superior. While in actual fact, Meena and Piggy were the superior ones.

Native American Healing And Spirituality Religion Essay

Native American Healing And Spirituality Religion Essay It is a long held belief that Native Americans migrated to the Americas from northeast Asia, hundreds of years before Europeans arrived. Their culture and religion travelled along with them and were further developed and transformed over time according to the environment and region in which they finally settled. Together we will examine some of the different spiritual and religious beliefs and healing techniques that have remarkably withstood the test of time. In modern European and American cultures, examining both healing and spirituality would result in a rather broad spectrum. But in traditional Native American culture that many still honor today, healing and religion are very much hand in hand. To heal the body, one must simultaneously heal the soul. All healing ceremonies begin with prayer and are led by a medicine man. We will refer to healers in general as healers rather than medicine men or women simply because there are far too many terms in different languages and nations that would in some way translate into medicine men or women. In different Native American cultures, healers do much more than just heal. They are the spiritual leaders of their people. To an English speaker, a medicine is something used to treat disease or enhance well-being. Native Americans accept this definition, but in the context of traditional culture, the word medicine has a much broader and richer meaning. Medicine means the presence and power embodied in or demonstrated by a person, a place, an event, an object, or a natural phenomenon (Cohen, 2003, p. 27, para. 5). Healing and religion, in traditional terms, is deeply rooted in the natural world. Nature itself has incredible healing powers. From the many trees, plants, and roots that are important curative ingredients, to the simple practice of walking along and reveling in the beauty of the tremendous gift our Great Creator has given us, it is all good medicine. In fact, the practice of walking amongst nature and allowing your spirit to communicate with nature has a name; it is called, walking the truth. Walking the truth means to walk a spiritual path through life and remaining in motion; that is, realizing that spirituality is dynamic rather than passive. The spiritual person does not meditate in a cave waiting for enlightenment. Instead, he or she values what Tibetan Buddhists call meditation in action, a spirituality that is fully engaged with life (Cohen, 2003, p.92). There is also another reason for walking with nature, to locate and obtain herbs, plants, and roots that aid in the healing of common ailments. For instance, if you come down with a stomach ache, you might try chewing some pine resin. Or if your child develops Thrash, try boiling some bark from a Persimmon tree and using the infusion to wash his or her mouth (Speck, 1944). There are hundreds, perhaps thousands of natural remedies that have been used for thousands of years by indigenous peoples. They may sound absolutely absurd to a modern physician, but one must respect the fact that there is a reason for their continued use; they work! Another important concept in Native American healing and religion is finding and understanding your own spirit and getting oriented in the realm of the sacred. The sacred hoop and the four winds represent everything in the natural world. Think about all of things in nature that are spherical in shape: the sky, clouds, stars, the sun, the moon, rain drops, snowflakes, and even nests of birds. The evolution of life itself begins, comes full circle, and in the end the spirit goes back to where it came from. The four winds represent the power of nature. The power of wind can move, at will, all other basic elements of nature. The four winds are also indicative of breath. We humans, and a lot of other creatures, cannot live without it but for a few minutes. In medicine wheels, the four winds are represented by the four directions: north, south, east, and west. Each direction represents qualities that contribute to spiritual health and harmony. East represents birth, new beginnings, spiritual renewal and development. The south represents growth and youthful energy. The seeds that are planted in the east come to bloom in the south. The west represents the autumn of life and is a place of spiritual vision and transformation. We stand facing west to give thanks to the Great Spirit for all the blessings of life. The west is also where we prepare for the sacred journey; the journey our body takes back to Mother Earth and the journey of our spirit back to the Great Creator or Spirit. North is the direction of wisdom and old age. North is where we examine all of lifes struggles and challenges. We focus on the wisdom of coming full circle with life, the lessons of this world and the cleansing of impurities created by it, all in preparation for the next world. Just as medicine wheels are located in places considered sacred, all healing must take place in a setting that is conducive to healing. Blessing and smudging are essential in making the home or setting where healing is to take place ready. Smudging is taking the ash of foliage such as cedar or sage and rubbing a small amount on all participants of a healing ceremony. Smoke from the burning foliage is allowed to spread through the area and also waved over the heads of the participants. The smoke and scent is believed to help purify the space of toxic and negative energy, feelings, thoughts, and spirits. The smell of nature also invites and welcomes healing power and positive energy. Not all plants are intended for smudging and they vary by tribe. According to Milne and Howard(2000, p. 545, para. 3) Ceremonies may address specific illness and life problems, or they may be prophylactic; they may be intended to ameliorate the cause of suffering, or they may be intended to enhance health, the quality of social relationships, and financial well-being. Praying and chanting is an important ingredient in religious ceremonies as well as healing ceremonies. In traditional Native American, praying begins and ends each and every day. Praying with friends and family is done regularly. Praying heals the spirit and strengthens ones faith. Healing chants are usually performed by close family members who have gathered around a loved one who is seriously ill. Chants are also performed during meditation sessions, pipe ceremonies, and in sweat lodges. Sweat lodges, or purification lodges, are one of the oldest of Native American ceremonies. The sweat lodge is a place of physical and spiritual purification and an occasion to commune with the great forces of nature-earth, water, fire, and air-and the Great Spirit who created them (Cohen, 2003). Participants sweat away illness, pollution and negative thoughts and energy. According to Cohen (2003, p. 257, para. 4), The ceremony is generally divided into four rounds, after each of which the door flap is briefly opened to let unneeded forces out and to allow refreshing energy in. Many attend a sweat lodge ceremony on a weekly basis. It is a place of incredible spiritual rebirth and mental and emotional clarity. In recent years, medical anthropologists have taken a closer look at the traditional medicinal practices of Native Americans, how those practices interact with modern medicine in the United States, and how they are perceived and used by Native Americans. One project that has made incredible strides into understanding these differences is called the Navajo Healing Project. One of the most striking ways in which this complexity is evident is in the large area of Navajo life in which religion and spirituality are intimately entwined with health care and healing. Indeed, healing is the central theme of Navajo religion, while the sacred is the central element in Navajo medicine. Just as Navajos orient themselves geographically within a territory defined by four sacred mountains aligned with the four cardinal points, today they orient themselves medically in a field of vital interaction among four modes of healing: conventional biomedicine, Traditional Navajo healing, Native American Churc h (NAC) healing, and Navajo Christian faith healing (Csordas, 2000, p.463, para. 1). Happiness has always been and will always be the best medicine. While modern physicians focus on the battle for the cure to an illness, native healers feel that it is best for the patient to focus on the positives in ones life-family, love, spiritual health-all the things that bring pure joy to us all. Native healers realize that joy of life is the best medicine and patients should keep their attention drawn towards the gift of life and not towards the repercussions of particular indulgences. It is true that some things are not truly healthy but focusing inward and listening to our inner spirit and letting it guide us is the best way to stay healthy and happy; maybe that is the reason the Great Spirit gave us twice as many ears as mouths. Listening is the key to wisdom and understanding. If only we could merge the ethical values of Native American healers with the technology and science of modern medicine, we might discover a deeper sense of healing and stronger medicine for all peop le.

The Effects of Prejudice Essay -- Racism Essays

Evolutionary theory suggests that in order to prevent contact with harmful pathogens, people identify and avoid heuristic cues that are associated with disease (Schaller, 2011). Further, people who feel most vulnerable to disease tend to associate subjectively foreign out-groups with disease and act more negatively toward them (Faulkner, Schaller, Park & Duncan, 2004). The negative effects of prejudice are both physical and psychological: People who reported being subjected to prejudice also had greater amounts of visceral fat (Lewis, Kravitz, Janssen & Powell, 2011) and ambiguous racism decreased people’s performance in cognitive tasks (Salvatore & Shelton, 2007). Hence, it is of obvious benefit to society to reduce prejudice and alleviate these detrimental outcomes. Combining this past research, Huang, Sedlovskaya, Ackerman and Bargh (2011) reported across three studies a significant correlation between modern health interventions, such as vaccination and handwashing, and reducing prejudice. Their studies, however, indicate that it is the perceived protection from disease which is important in reducing prejudice, which limits the extent that health interventions alone will impact prejudice. Further it will be argued that other factors, such as the prolific nature of disease and alternative causes of prejudice, limit how meaningful these findings are in realistically impacting on social prejudice. A reasonable alternative that will be discussed is that any threat or perceived harm, not solely disease-based, towards an in-group may produce xenophobic attitudes. In study one Huang et al. (2011) examined the effects of vaccination status on reported racism. They reported that when confronted with disease, unvaccinated part... ...61 Lewis, T. T., Kravitz, H. M., Janssen, I. & Powell, L. H. (2011). Self-reported experiences of discrimination and visceral fat in middle-aged African American and Caucasian women. American Journal of Epidemiology, 173, 1223-1231. Retrieved from http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/ Salvatore, J. & Shelton, J. N. (2007). Cognitive costs of exposure to racial prejudice. Psychological Science, 18, 810-815. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01984.x Schaller, M. (2011). The behavioral immune system and the psychology of human sociology. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 366, 3418-3426. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0029 Schaller, M., Park, J. H., & Mueller, A. (2003). Fear of the dark: Interactive effects of beliefs about danger and ambient darkness on ethnic stereotypes. Journal for Personality and Social Psychology, 29, 637-649. DOI: 10.1177/0146167203029005008

Marcus Brutus as the Protagonist of William Shakespeares Julius Caesar

Marcus Brutus as the Protagonist of William Shakespeare's Julius Caesar      Ã‚   All men have the power to reason.   Some men can reason better than others, nonetheless, all men can reason.   In order to reason, one must clear his mind, be completely impartial, and understand the situation to the best of his ability.   The play Julius Caesar, by William Shakespeare, is the story of a man trying his best to make reasonable, rational decisions.   Marcus Brutus is this struggling character who evades constant pressure from all sides to gloriously pull through, yet dies at play's end.   Undoubtedly, Brutus is the main character, and driving force of the play, despite the misleading title of Julius Caesar.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Three separate, critical aspects help to show the reader how unimportant Julius Caesar is to the play.   Caesar appears, in dreams, and thoughts of multiple people, giving warnings and special messages.   Nobody seems to pay attention to him. Anotherexample is illustrated by the way that Brutus seems to dominate his own actions, whatever he is thinking.   Also, Antony declares war on Brutus, but not out of love for Caesar, but anger toward the conspirators.   As these aspects are explained in further detail one will be sure of the fact that Brutus, without question, clearly dominates the play as a whole.    Caesar warns numerous people of ensuing tragedies multiple times, and not once is he listened to.   Calpurnia cries out terrified three times during the night, "Help ho - they murder Caesar!"   The reader soon learns of a dream in which Caesar's wife visualizes her husband's death.   She begs and pleads Caesar to stay home that day, ... ...ad.   In every aspect of the play earlier mentioned, Brutus is the driving force of nearly everything that occurs.   Caesar is but an after-thought of the reader, and is realized as the inciting action, and nothing more.   Brutus is, by all means, the dominating force in the play.    "He who will not reason is a bigot; he who cannot is a fool; and he who dares not, is a slave." - Sir William Drumman      Works Cited and Consulted: Hunter, G.K. "Shakespeare and the Traditions of Tragedy." Wells, Stanley, ed. The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1994. Shakespeare, William. "The Tragedy of Julius Caesar." Houghton Mifflin Company. The Riverside Shakespeare. Ed. G. Blakemore Evans. Boston, 1974. Palmer, D. J. "Tragic Error in Julius Caesar." Shakespeare Quarterly. 21-22 (1970): 399.

Civil War Medicine :: essays research papers

In the early years of the Civil War it became clear that disease would be the greatest killer. Twice as many Civil War soldiers died of disease then that were killed in combat. This was due to unsanitary and filthy conditions, untrained Medical personnel and poor medical examination of new soldier’s. One fact from the Civil War was 315,000 soldiers died from illnesses that included: 44,558 from diarrhea/dysentery, 10,063 from malaria, 34,833 from typhoid, 958 from typhus and 436 from yellow fever. The sanitary conditions that a cured during the civil war was shocking. Unsanitary hospitals and camps kept the wounded soldiers in large groups, which were ideal places for infection, fevers and disease to spread. Soldiers were not immune to childhood diseases like the measles and small pox. Medical science had not yet discovered the importance of antiseptics in preventing infection. Water was contaminated and soldiers sometimes ate unripened or spoiled food. There weren’t always clean rags available to clean wounds. Because of frequent shortages of water, surgeons often went days without washing their hands or instruments. So now germs were passing from patient to patient. The Civil War was fought at the end of the middle Ages; therefore the Medical Corps was unqualified in all fields of medical care. Little was known about what caused disease, how to stop it from spreading, or how to cure it. Surgical techniques ranged from the tough to easy. Underqualified, understaffed, and undersupplied medical corps, who was often referred to as quacks and butchers by the press, took cared of the men in the Civil War. During this period a physician received minimal training. Nearly all the older doctors served as apprentices in lieu of formal education. Even those who attended one of the few medical schools were poorly trained. The average medical student trained for two years, received no experience, and was given virtually no laboratory instruction. Still, another reason for disease being the greatest killer in the Civil War was the bad medical examinations of recruits. The recruiting process allowed underage, overage men and those in noticeably poor health to join the army on both sides. Two hundred thousand recruits originally accepted for services were told to be unfit and discharged, either because they had become ill or because a routine examination revealed their bad condition.

The Catering Skills of Uphsd

Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES Introduction â€Å"Catering is the cottage industry of New York. All a caterer needs is a Cuisine art, some pots and pans and a couple of food magazines to start out. They get jobs, though they don't necessarily get repeats. † –Donald Bruce White; New York’s best known caterer. Finding and choosing a catering service is one of the most important aspects of planning the perfect event. The most challenging part of creating an event is the food. If you think serving food to a group of people only requires good culinary skills, you are sadly mistaken.Being able to cook is just the tip of the iceberg. A lot more goes into serving food to guests. And if the turnout is predicted to be large, then it is best advisable to steer clear of working on the food by you, and hire professionals for the job. This is where catering comes in. A good catering service will not only provide you with a delicious menu, bu t will also help setting up the meal area, serve guests efficiently and take care of any related faux pas. Caterers not only serve as waiters/waitresses, they also assist as bartenders.A professional caterer knows what menu to be set for a particular event, the volume of food required, the serving process (what comes after what), makes sure that the food looks good when served, and also explains the meal effectively to the guests, if required. Arranging the table correctly is also something a catering service takes care of. The type of cutlery necessary, the arrangement of bowls, plates and glasses and the folds of a napkin; all these intricacies are taken care of by them. The event or the occasion is of utmost relevance when lanning the food. If it is wedding, champagne, caviar and wedding cakes are a must. The cake should be confirmed by the couple regarding size, flavor, and decoration. A corporate gathering for example a business luncheon party would generally have a larger vari ety of liquor: wine, whiskey, and rum. It is also intelligent to keep a few mocktails for the non-drinkers. When deciding on the menu, it is best to have the quintessential starter-entre-dessert series. If you want to make it more elaborate, go for the six or eight course meals, accordingly.Most people prefer wine as the form of alcohol while eating. But it is very important to be aware of which wine (white or red) can complement the kind of meat that is being served for the meal. Also, remember, white wine is served chilled, while red wine is best kept at room temperature. The glasses for both are different as well. It is best to keep the dessert light, with a few varieties. Since not everyone has a sweet tooth, instead of sticking only souffles and ice cream, you can also serve fresh cream with fruit salad.For every course in the meal, the cutlery is different. Therefore, the waters should be alert about the time of change. If it is a buffet, then the plate should be replaced imme diately when the guest leaves the table for the next course or helping. Also remember to have water on the table at all times. It is a very basic item, yet mandatory. The most important thing for the people who are serving to remember is to keep their own emotions in check. Be pleasant to the guest come what may. And to make these events perfect you must have the perfect staff.Knowing the skills of BS. HRM students of the University of Perpetual Help System DALTA in catering will help provide us students, parents, faculty and the university a background of what kind of students the university is producing. Will they be an asset someday, have they learned and will their skills help them land a job in connection with their course. Catering as a major subject in HRM needs further studying when it comes to the skills of the students. Potentials in catering service are one asset to be the best known caterer. Background of the StudyThe history of catering and fine cooking trades dates bac k in the 4th millennium BC. It all started in China but the culture of grand eating and drinking was already important during the prosperous years in old Egypt. However, the catering trade only emerged from the commonly practiced hospitality, which was always free, when the first real hostels and inns were built in ancient Greece. The development in ancient Greece continued in the Roman Empire. At first, the accommodations for Roman soldiers were found along the military roads and trading routes, which were eventually opened to all travelers.During the Middle Ages in Europe, the first signs of the rebirth of the catering trade were seen in monasteries which covered mainly the needs of the many Christian pilgrims going to Rome. Caravan series served the same purpose in the Orient and started there around 600 AD. During Charlemagne's time, the catering trade developed and spread throughout the entire Europe because transport and trade required secure accommodation. The catering trade had been greatly influenced by the church in the later part of the Middle Ages.Additionally, the newly established bourgeoisies, the flourishing trade, the natural economy being replaced with money, and the intensification of transport all contributed to the popularity of catering industry. The catering industry was widely spread in Germany from 14th to 15th century and this had drawn the attention of legislators. The first â€Å"beer inspection† licenses were paid by the Augsburg Elector in 1530. It was also in the same year that the â€Å"Reformation gutter Polizey† law was enacted and this replaced many regional regulations.After the law was enacted, different rules for hostels and inns were issued and this led to the regulation of the serving of drinks, beer mugs sizes, and the quality and purity of beer, even the quantity and kind of dishes were brought up in the â€Å"Zehrordnung† regulation. As time passed by, guild hostels and houses developed. The term â€Å"Seefahrts- und Schifferhauser† was first heard in the seaside towns during the Hanse era. As another area of expertise, post guesthouses and rathskeller restaurants emerged, and until now, they can still be found as establishments termed as â€Å"Gasthofzur Post† or â€Å"Ratskeller†.The improvement of transport, technical innovations, population increase, and sudden rise in the trade of travel and tourism gave gastronomy a quick shift which made it a very important factor for national economy. Today companies like Crave Catering Melbourne offer a range of culinary options which have a proud history of tradition, tweaked and prodded to manifest current trends. All that can be said is; â€Å"enjoy your food with the knowledge that it has developed over time†. -David J Kahan (Crave Catering Melbourne)The Hospitality industry and the restaurant sector is an industry that is continuingly growing. These industries employ a lot of people in many different ways. And which cause large portion of people to eat out of their home. Because of these the average skills of the people when it comes to food preparation is decreasing. Due to these social changes in the society catering opportunities and organization rises. â€Å"Whatever position you choose to work within, in the catering profession there are a few attributes that are considered important for all job roles.You'll first have to be physically fit with a good level of stamina. This is because many catering jobs involve working in hot, busy, pressurized kitchens where you have to be constantly thinking on your feet. The ability to multi-task and communicate well are also imperative, with organizational skills being of the utmost importance. Catering offers great opportunities for career development. To work within this profession you'll obviously need a passion for food, but also have the dedication and motivation to work long and sometimes unsociable hours. † -acareerchange Catering might seem like the right career move as you're lying in bed envisioning how you could've done a better job with your friend's holiday buffet than she did. But there's a lot more to running a catering business than meets the eye. Not only do you have to be a skilled chef, a mover of delicate and perishable items, a master planner, food preparation, food service, cleanup and a savvy entrepreneur all at the same time, but you have to do it looking as cool and stress-free as possible with a smile on your face. Review of Related Literature and Studies SKILL MATRIX AND COMPETENCY MAPPINGThe theme of this project is â€Å"Training Need Analysis† one of its objective is to find out the skill competency levels of the employees of Textron India Pvt. Ltd. In here, the skill matrix which was developed in consultation with the team leaders and rated by all the members of the team. While the competency map was developed and rated with the help of the skill matrix. They defined Sk ill matrix as the most basic terms defines the skills and skill levels of each employee, as per his/her perception and also as per the supervisor/team leader/manager’s perception.While competency mapping deals with a pre-defined set of competencies calledLominger. Competencies which it relates and links to the skill matrix ratings, so as to find out how good the employees are. in relation with my study they wanted to find out the complete list of the skills that the organization as a whole possesses i. e. the skills inventory of the organization, the skill levels of each individual employee,The employees who are capable of training other employees and the skills that they specialize in. Prepared by JOJAN V. JOSE 09DM050 During the academic year 2009-2010 Under the guidance of D r.MANOSI CHAUDHURI (Project Mentor), Hospitality Management Skills: An Educational and Workplace Comparative Analysis This study utilized secondary data to formulate a comparison of hospitality curricu lar design as it is viewed by industry. The two studies used for this research project were conducted in a longitudinal format. The two studies asked industry recruiters at a university sponsored career event to indicate where key hospitality skills are best learned. The comparative findings profiled that specific skills are best learned in the work place while a smaller skill set was needed from Hospitality Education.The skills found to be most important which are taught in the educational setting were compared to the hospitality courses at the University of Wisconsin-Stout with the purpose of identifying any potential gaps in skills. A model was used which allows courses to be compared to the skill sets industry deems as important. It is helpful literature since its primary objective is to identify the skills of its respondents. â€Å"Identification of skills† is a common ground for the current research topic both study determines the skills of the respondents.The methods u se in this study can be adapted to the current research study. prepared by: Daniel Wood A Research Report Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master of Science Degree in Training & Development Approved for Completion of 4 Credits TRHRD-735 Field Problem in Training & Development by: Professor Robert Davies, Research Advisor The Graduate College University of Wisconsin-Stout, Copyright Food Caterers Association of the Philippines 2003. All Rights Reserved. 10 Baler St. San FranciscoDel Monte, Quezon City.A group called Food Caterers Association of the Philippines is a professional that is determined to focus on giving quality catering service. Its Goals are to encourage growth among its members by promoting networking, interchange of ideas and continuing education, keep abreast of the latest local and international trends in food preparation and event management by networking with local and international resource personnel, gain recognition both locally and i nternationally via trade fairs and exhibits, define industry standards by generating guidelines for the accreditation of local aterers. I sited it because it is about catering, it also highlights the skills of the caterers with regard to having quality service they have the core values which is unity, teamwork, professionalism, excellence (particularly in the culinary arts), creativity, taste. Founding out about this association will give our research strong information and background of what standing does our caterers in our country produces and the quality of catering service we provide. This association stands for the catering industry in the Philippines as a whole.And through this, we will be more enlightened of what is the skills needed in this association and if the B. S. HRM students qualified to pass their association. Catering skills setting the scene The Catering Skill Setting the Scene concentrates on the main practical skills needed to cater an event or run a restaurant. It can be an invaluable resource for those who want to enter the catering industry. It can also be a useful guide for those who wants to improve their skills in catering. It gives insights and tips on how you can effectively prepare an event.Having read about this, will give our research insights on the proper ways in learning the skills of a certain caterer when inside the work place. It will give our research information on the skill needed to be called a good caterer server for it sets information on the proper skill development, skills needed and acquired of a catering server. reading about this article pave way to new insights of the importance of skill in the catering server for this skill will provide good service to any event the caterer is in. Produced by: Video Education Australasia, Commissioning Editor: Christine Henderson, Executive Producer: Mark McAuliffe.Catering Management an Integrated Approach, Authors: MohiniSethi and SurjeetMalhan, the New Age International Pub lisher. This book provides information on the catering management, the division of labor in the catering industry, functions and a lot more about catering management. In this book skill is very important in every person assigned in every department. It gives information on what evaluation process is to be given in every staff like Staff appraisal, appraisal of work conditions and procedures, food product evaluation and more. And also in this book it shows that in the catering industry there are lots of works that are to be done.Where every employee are assigned in the position best fit in their skill in catering like catering manager, supervisor in the kitchen, head cook, waiters and storekeepers. This book best fit our research for it talks about the division of labor of every employee where evaluation of skills is very important. The evaluation of skills in this book shows the importance of skills in the catering industry. It shows methods on how to evaluate skills and why the cat ering has to be evaluated. Skills Upgrading New Policy Perspective OECD ORGANIZATION Director: Sergio Arzeni.It is indicated in this book that the most affected sector in skill gap is the communication, hotels and catering. It talks about the low skill equilibria where it is stated there that in UK majority of the managers and workers were low skilled and produces low quality goods and services. And because of these they had to improve all the skill of their workers and for their workers improvement they require all of them to undergo proper training. One of the tools used is the skills strategy white paper it proposes to improve choice for employers, better information, improve management training and development and improve support.The book will lead us to thinking that skill is not merely acquired. It has to undergo certain processes for it to be best qualified in a certain job. Reading about the articles and studies of this book has brought changes in our understanding of our re search. It cleared questions which will help us expound our research. It says something about the importance of skills and what are the advantages and disadvantages of not having the skills required in a job and of what great effect will it cause the establishment you are working. Which we think relates and discusses more of our research.Professional Chef 2 level Diploma, authors: Gary Hunter, Terry Tinton, Patrick Carrey and Steven Walpole. Qualifications when it comes to skills are very important in catering and it was explained very well in this book. Competence in every work must always be applied by every caterer for skills to be properly applied. It says here that a lot of trainings will pave way for the best caterer which we thought of as a group. Reading about this book will open up topics which will give sights on the importance of training in a caterer for it to acquire the best skill needed which fits very well in further more understanding our research.It introduces lear ning’s which we think is new to us. Applying what we’ve read from this book to our research will clarify some points that are not yet clarified to us. And through this book identifying the skills needed of a caterer is clearly identified and again tells about the importance of skills in the catering industry. Revised Hospitality and Catering Assessment Strategy and the New Technical Certificates August 2009 FAQs by City Guilds. A lot of information about the catering assessment and skills are mentioned here. It shows details about the newly revised hospitality and catering strategy assessment and certificates to be endowed.Reading about this article gave us again insights on the importance of skills in the catering industry. It shows the very importance of skills before granting the said certificate. it widen our views on the importance of our research regarding the catering skills of B. S. HRM students. Running through our research this article will prove of how vital skills are when it comes to the catering industry. Skills and Work Catering and Hospitality (The Basic Skills Agency Developing Effective Practice). We included this in our research because this gives the very detailed information on the skills needed in the catering service.It talks about the everyday catering task such as: acting on verbal instructions from chef or supervisor, making and receiving telephone calls, discussing work plans, following recipes, preparing food, reading temperature and time charts, taking notice of safety and hygiene signs, operating kitchen equipment according toinstructions, filling in records of stock, receiving and checking deliveries, completing accident book or hygiene records, weighing dry ingredients, measuring liquids, mixing and dividing food, setting temperature of ovens, timing cooking, writing orders, making notes.It also mentioned the most important skills needed in catering service which is the listening skills, Reading skills, Writing ski lls, Number skills, Communication skills needed to work in catering and hospitality, Numeracy skills needed to work in catering and hospitality. Theoretical and Conceptual Framework This research will use the skill matrix or the competency framework. Skill Matrix also known as Competency framework consists of a list of skills, and a grading system, with a definition of what it means to be at particular level for a given  skill.It is a way to capture or identify the skills required for a particular job. Both of these fall under skills management. â€Å"Skills management  is the practice of understanding, developing and deploying people and their  skills. Well-implemented skills management should identify the skills that job roles require, the skills of individual employees, and any gap between the two. † -Wikipedia CATERING SKILL MATRIX | | | | |A.Communication Skills in Catering and Hospitality | | | |Skills addressed | | | |through: | | | Reading and understanding str aightforward written andgraphical information, e. g. recipes, | | | |orders, safety signsand notices, labels, instructions on equipment | | | |Completing forms and records, writing notes,e. . orders, stock lists, hygiene records, | | | |accidentreport book, telephone and other messages | | | | Speaking and listening — talking face-to-face and onthe telephone with individuals and | | | |groups, e. g. colleagues, managers, suppliers, inspectors | | | | | | |B.Non-essential Skills and Experience | | |Can assist with the food preparation and service in other areas of the kitchen | | | |Can assist in setting up and serving catering functions | | | | | | |C.Essential Skills and Experience | | |Being reliable, responsible, dependable, and fulfilling obligations | | | |Can accept criticism and dealing calmly and effectively with high stress situations | | | |Must be able to work in a cooperative manner with Chefs and kitchen staff | | | |Has knowledge of principles and processes fo r providing customer service.This includes | | | |customer needs assessment, meeting quality standards of service, and evaluation of customer| | | |satisfaction | | | | | | |D.Position Responsibilities | | |Can greet, smile, make eye contact, and make customers feel welcome | | | |Can maintain tables and services area in clean and neat manner | | | |Can respond to customer concerns in a professional manner | | | |Has a commitment to the service values and ethics of the client company | | | |Can make sure that the foods are been prepared and are presented according to the | | | |establishment’s standards. Maintain the standards for correct proportioning and | | | |presentation | | | |Can coordinate the delivery of food and service items, to guests in pleasant and timely | | | |manner | | | |Can follow all safety rules and actively prevent accidents | |Research Paradigm Our research paradigm shows a pattern which will serve as a guide when making decisions in carrying out our r esearch. For our input, we included the student’s profile which is the age, gender and academic grades in catering. We also included the skills of a catering server. This will remind us of our limitations, what our research will only cover. For our process we use the questionnaire analysis for further understanding of our research and provide facts of what will be others point of view with the catering skills of UPHSD 4th year B. S. HRM students, will they be effective as a catering server or not. Statement of the ProblemGiven the above mentioned skills that a qualified good caterer must possess, this study will give light on the said matter, focusing primarily on the skills of B. S. HRM students who took catering subject. Hence the central question is: â€Å"Do the 4th year B. S. HRM students have the important skills required to qualify as a good catering server? † Specific problem: 1. What is the profile of the students in B. S. HRM 4TH YEAR? 1. age 2. gender 3. aca demic grades in catering subject 2. What are the catering skills of B. S. HRM students? 3. What is the relationship of the profiles of the respondents to the catering skills? Hypothesis There is no relationship between the profile of the respondents and their catering skills. Significance of the StudyThe study will determine the catering skills of B. S. HRM students of the UPHSD Las Pinas. Being the first research to focus in this area, it provided broad explanation of the catering skills of B. S. HRM students and gave key information on the prevailing views of the students. The study can be a basis for other research work in catering. The research can also serve as guidelines for the faculty of the college of International Hospitality Management teaching catering subject, to further improve their teaching skills and methods. Since the goal was to let the students see the benefit of learning all the skills in catering. These study will also determine the skills of B. S.HRM students who have taken catering subject to serve as a basis for the faculty evaluation of how the students learned catering subject effectively, what needs to be improve and to find the most effective way on how the students will learn in there catering subject. The study also determines which is more skilled if it is the Male or Female UPHSD students and find solution to a problem with regards to the student’s hands on skills in providing good catering service like food preparation, food service, cleanup and creativity. Also other colleges of IHM can also adopt this research and apply the framework of the study in order to have an assessment of their own catering subjects. Scope and Delimitation The primary objective of the study is to determine the caterings skills of B. S. HRM students of UPHSD Las Pinas and if those skills fit the qualifications needed to be good catering server.This study considers every aspect of students’ academic performances with the catering subject, which is the laboratory and lecture classes. The study will focus on 4th year HRM students of UPHSD for the school year2012. These are purposively chosen because it will be more feasible for the researcher to acquire desired information. Definition of Terms Catering – This industry comprises establishments primarily engaged in providing single event-based food services. These establishments generally have equipment and vehicles to transport meals and snacks to events and/or prepare food at an off-premise site. Banquet halls with catering staff are included in this industry.Examples of events catered by establishments in this industry are graduation parties, wedding receptions, business or retirement luncheons, and trade shows. Skill – An ability and capacity acquired through deliberate, systematic, and sustained effort to smoothly and adaptively carryout complex activities or job functions involving ideas (cognitive skills), things (technical skills), and/or people (i nterpersonal skills). Caterer – ( caterers plural ) Caterers are people or companies that provide food and drink for a place such as an office or for special occasions such as weddings and parties. Server – a  person  who  serves. 2. something  that  serves   or  is  used  in  serving,  Ã‚  as  a  salver. 3. broad fork, spoon, or spatual for dishing out and serving individual portions of food, as vegetables, cake, or pie. 4. Ecclesiastival- an attendant on the priest of Mass, who arranges the altar, makes the responses, etc. Chapter 2 METHODOLOGY Research Design This study will employ a descriptive method of research. A descriptive study from the word itself descriptive, it describes a certain phenomenon or an event. In this case the researchers will describe the variables such as skills and students’ profile. This study will describe weather this variables contribute to the overall catering service quality of 4TH year B. S. HRM student s of UPHSD. Population Sampling The sampling technique used in this study is the Purposive sampling.Purposive samplingis a sampling method that focuses on particular characteristics of a population that are of interest, which will best enable us to answer our research questions. We choose this type of sampling technique because of many different reasons. We have a large number of students in 4th year HRM at UPHSD who is done taking the catering subject; unfortunately almost half of the populations of fourth year students are irregular students and still taking up there hotel and restaurant practicum which results to a few number of HRM students present at UPHSD. With this reasons we have come up with the decision of using the purposive sampling technique.To get the feedback/responses of those who already underwent the laboratory/practicum, so even though they are not anymore 4th year students, their answers will be substantial to the results of this survey. Respondents/ Participants / Subjects of the study The research population only included fourth year B. S. HRM students of UPHSD Las Pinas and those who graduated at UPHSD Las Pinas who has taken all the major subjects in HRM with lecture and laboratory classes. Students from all the courses will be the research population. That includes a passing grade in all the subjects taken and must be officially enrolled this semester. Research InstrumentThe instrument that we have come up with is based on the skills we have gathered from our researched skills and after we have researched for the appropriate tool that will fit to the requirements of this study the researchers consulted with the professors, who are considered experts of the field, for additional necessary information to be included in the research tool used. Gathering of Data The research used the survey method in the form of questionnaires as a primary means obtaining the students’ perception on the skills of B. S. HRM in catering. The questionna ires were anchored to know the students’ awareness to the catering skills of B. S. HRM students weather they are qualified as a good catering server or not. Statistical Treatment The following statistical tools would be used for the analysis of data gathered by the researcher: 1.Relative frequency is used to express a number of the population or sample having the same trait or characteristic as a percentage of the population size or sample size. The relative frequency is computed using the following formula: [pic] wheref is the frequency and n is the sample size. Relative frequencies would be used in summarizing in frequency distribution tables the profile of respondents. 2. Mean/Arithmetic mean is obtained by adding the observed values and dividing by the number of observed values. The mean is calculated using the following formula: [pic] Where x is the observed value and n is the sample size. The mean would be used to calculate the average numerical response of respondent f or each item in the survey questionnaire. 3.Standard deviation indicates the variation among the observed values and their dispersion from the mean. The standard deviation may be computed using the following formula: [pic] wherex is the observed value and n is the sample size. The standard deviation would be used to determine the dispersion of the respondents’ responses for each item of the survey questionnaire from the mean. 4. The following table would be used in Chapter 3 for the verbal interpretation of means and adjectival description for the catering skills of respondents. Verbal Interpretation of Means for Catering Skills |Mean |Level of Competency | |1. 00 – 1. 0 |Poor | |1. 51 – 2. 50 |Fair | |2. 51 – 3. 50 |Good | |3. 51 – 4. 50 |Very Good | |4. 51 – 5. 00 |Excellent | 5. The chi-square test would be used for tests of relationship between the catering skills and the profile of respondents, namely, age, gender, and grade in catering subject. The value of the chi-square statistic is computed using the following formula: [pic] hereO is the observed frequency and E is the expected frequency computed by the following formula: [pic] whereRt is the row total, Ct is the column total, and Gt is the grand total. Chapter 3 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA This chapter is the presentation of the data that the researchers were able to collect from their respondents. These data were hereby summarized and presented in tabular form to provide answers to the questions posed by the researchers as indicated in their statement of the problem of which the main focus of the researchers is primarily the skills of B. S. HRM students who took catering subject. 3. 1 PROFILE OF RESPONDENTSThe researchers considered three profile of their respondents, namely, age, gender, and grade in their catering subject. The profile of respondents are summarized in the following tables below beginning with the age of respondents. T ABLE 1 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS BY AGE |Age (Years) |Frequency |Percentage (%) | |16 – 20 |89 |89. 0 | |21 – 25 |11 |11. 0 | |Total |100 |100. 0 |From the table above, it can be seen that majority of the respondents belong to the first age group, 16 years to 20 years. Specifically, there are 89 respondents, representing 89% of the sample of 100 respondents, whose ages are between 16 years and 20 years. There are 11 respondents, representing 11% of the sample of 100 respondents, with ages between 21 years and 25 years. The distribution of respondents according to their gender is summarized and presented in the following table below. TABLE 2 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS BY GENDER |Gender |Frequency |Percentage (%) | |MALE |27 |27. | |FEMALE |73 |73. 0 | |Total |100 |100. 0 | From the table above, it can be seen that majority of the respondents are female. Specifically, there are 73 female respondents, representing 73% of the sample of 100 respondents. There are 27 male respondents, representing 27% of the sample of 100 respondents. The distribution of respondents according to their grade in catering subject is summarized and presented in the following table below. TABLE 3DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS BY GRADE |Grade |Frequency |Percentage (%) | |2. 75 – 2. 00 |39 |39. 0 | |3. 00 |40 |40. 0 | |5. 00 |21 |21. 0 | |Total |100 |100. 0 |From the table above, it can be seen that most of the respondents have grade of 3. 0 in their catering subject. Specifically, there are 40 respondents, representing 40% of the sample of 100 respondents, whose grades in their catering subject are 3. 0. This is followed very closely by 39 respondents, representing 39% of the sample of 100 respondents, whose grades in their catering subject are between 2. 75 and 2. 00. 3. 2 CATERING SKILLS OF RESPONDENTS The different catering skills are listed down in the following tables below as well the level of competence of respondents in each of the skills. The catering skills of respondents are presented according to the age, gender, and grade of respondents in their catering subject.Then, the catering skills of respondents are presented without regard to their profile. TABLE 4 CATERING SKILLS OF RESPONDENTS BY AGE |Catering Skills |Age (Years) | | |16 – 20 |21 – 25 | | |Mean |SD |Level of |Mean |SD |Level of | | | | |Competence | | |Competence | |Students could manage to record the |4. 60 |0. 58 |Excellent |4. 27 |0. 7 |Very Good | |quantities and weights needed, the | | | | | | | |temperature needs to set in cooking and | | | | | | | |etc. , and the time needs to target either| | | | | | | |in cooking, rendering service, or in a | | | | | | | |work. | | | | | | | |Students can greet, smile and make the |4. 43 |0. 60 |Very Good |4. 73 |0. 7 |Excellent | |customers feel welcome | | | | | | | |Students can respond to the customer’s |4. 34 |0. 56 |Very Good |4. 09 |0. 83 |Very Good | |concerns in a professional manner | | | | | | | |Students can follow all the safety rules |4. 30 |0. 53 |Very Good |4. 55 |0. 69 |Excellent | |and actively can prevent accidents. | | | | | | | |Students can stay calm under pressure |4. 37 |0. 63 |Very Good |4. 55 |0. 2 |Excellent | |and can cope with several tasks at once | | | | | | | |Students uses his/her creativity and |4. 38 |0. 61 |Very Good |4. 45 |0. 52 |Very Good | |imagination to make food look good | | | | | | | |Students good communicator, organizer and|4. 40 |0. 63 |Very Good |4. 00 |0. 89 |Very Good | |manager | | | | | | | |Students reliable, responsible, |4. 54 |0. 62 |Excellent |3. 91 |0. 4 |Very Good | |dependable and fulfilling obligations | | | | | | | |Students reading and understanding straightforward |4. 45 |0. 58 |Very Good |4. 73 |0. 47 |Excellent | |written and graphical information, e. g recipes, orders, | | | | | | | |safely signs and notices, labels, instructions on | | | | | | | |equipment | | | | | | | |Students completing forms and records, writi ng notes, |4. 33 |0. 69 |Very Good |4. 18 |0. 40 |Very Good | |e. g. rders, stock lists, hygiene records, accident | | | | | | | |report book, telephone and other messages | | | | | | | |Students speaking and listening – talking face-to-face |4. 38 |0. 57 |Very Good |4. 18 |0. 87 |Very Good | |and on the telephone with individuals and groups, e. g, | | | | | | | |colleagues, managers, suppliers, inspectors | | | | | | | |Students can assist with the food preparation and service|4. 31 |0. 65 |Very Good |4. 50 |0. 71 |Very Good | |in other areas of the kitchen | | | | | | | |Students can assist in setting up and serving catering |4. 40 |0. 62 |Very Good |4. 36 |0. 1 |Very Good | |functions | | | | | | | |Students can accept criticism and dealing calmly and |4. 35 |0. 66 |Very Good |4. 55 |0. 69 |Excellent | |effectively with high stress situations | | | | | | | |Students must be able to work in a cooperative manner |4. 38 |0. 57 |Very Good |4. 45 |0. 69 |Very Good | |with Chefs and kitchen staff | | | | | | | |Students have knowledge of principles and processes for |4. 37 |0. 63 |Very Good |3. 91 |0. 70 |Very Good | |providing customer service.This includes customer needs | | | | | | | |assessment, meeting quality standards of service, and | | | | | | | |evaluation of customer satisfaction | | | | | | | |Students can maintain tables and services area in clean |4. 37 |0. 61 |Very Good |4. 64 |0. 50 |Excellent | |and neat manner | | | | | | | |Students as a commitment to the service values and ethics|4. 35 |0. 66 |Very Good |4. 09 |0. 94 |Very Good | |of the client company | | | | | | | |Students can make sure that the foods are been prepared |4. 36 |0. 59 |Very Good |4. 45 |0. 2 |Very Good | |and are presented according to the establishment’s | | | | | | | |standards. Maintain the standards for correct | | | | | | | |proportioning and presentation | | | | | | | |Students can coordinate the delivery of food and service |4. 31 |0. 65 |Very Good |4. 45 |0. 52 |Very Good | |items, to guests in pleasant and timely manner. | | | | | | | |Students can follow all safety rules and actively prevent |4. 38 |0. 55 |Very Good |4. 45 |0. 2 |Very Good | |accidents | | | | | | | |OVERALL |4. 39 |0. 07 |Very Good |4. 36 |0. 25 |Very Good | From the table next page it can be seen that among the respondents with age between 16 years and 20 years, the item â€Å"Students could manage to record the quantities and weights needed, the temperature needs to set in cooking and etc. , and the time needs to target either in cooking, rendering service, or in a work† has the highest average of 4. 60 which means that the level of competence of the respondents with respect to this particular catering skill is â€Å"Excellent. †On the other hand, among the respondents with ages between 16 years and 20 years the item â€Å"Students can follow all the safety rules and actively can prevent accidents† has the lowest average of 4. 30 which mea ns that the level of competence of the respondents with respect to this particular catering skill is â€Å"Very Good. † Generally, with an overall average of 4. 39 the catering skills of respondents aged between 16 years and 20 years is â€Å"Very Good. † From the same table it can be seen that among the respondents with age between 21 years and 25 years, the items â€Å"Students can greet, smile and make the customers feel welcome† and â€Å"Students reading and understanding straightforward written and graphical information, e. g recipes, orders, safely signs and notices, labels, instructions on equipment† have the same highest average of 4. 3 which means that the level of competence of the respondents with respect to these particular catering skills is â€Å"Excellent. † On the other hand, among the respondents with ages between 21 years and 25 years the item â€Å"Students have knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer servi ce. This includes customer needs assessment, meeting quality standards of service, and evaluation of customer satisfaction† has the lowest average of 3. 91 which means that the level of competence of the respondents with respect to this particular catering skill is â€Å"Very Good. † Generally, with an overall average of 4. 36 the catering skills of respondents aged between 21 years and 25 years is also â€Å"Very Good. † TABLE 5 CATERING SKILLS OF RESPONDENTS BY GENDER Catering Skills |Gender | | |Male |Female | | |Mean |SD |Level of Competence|Mean |SD |Level of Competence| |Students could manage to record the |4. 44 |0. 75 |Very Good |4. 60 |0. 49 |Excellent | |quantities and weights needed, the | | | | | | | |temperature needs to set in cooking and etc. | | | | | | | |and the time needs to target either in | | | | | | | |cooking, rendering service, or in a work. | | | | | | | |Students can greet, smile and make the |4. 30 |0. 61 |Very Good |4. 52 |0. 58 |Exce llent | |customers feel welcome | | | | | | | |Students can respond to the customer’s |4. 33 |0. 55 |Very Good |4. 30 |0. 2 |Very Good | |concerns in a professional manner | | | | | | | |Students can follow all the safety rules and |4. 33 |0. 58 |Very Good |4. 33 |0. 58 |Very Good | |actively can prevent accidents. | | | | | | | |Students can stay calm under pressure and |4. 22 |0. 64 |Very Good |4. 45 |0. 60 |Very Good | |can cope with several tasks at once | | | | | | | |Students uses his/her creativity and |4. 26 |0. 59 |Very Good |4. 44 |0. 0 |Very Good | |imagination to make food look good | | | | | | | |Students good communicator, organizer and |4. 22 |0. 70 |Very Good |4. 41 |0. 66 |Very Good | |manager | | | | | | | |Students reliable, responsible, dependable |4. 41 |0. 75 |Very Good |4. 49 |0. 60 |Very Good | |and fulfilling obligations | | | | | | | |Students reading and understanding |4. 37 |0. 6 |Very Good |4. 52 |0. 58 |Excellent | |straightforward written and gr aphical | | | | | | | |information, e. g recipes, orders, safely | | | | | | | |signs and notices, labels, instructions on | | | | | | | |equipment | | | | | | | |Students completing forms and records, |4. 11 |0. 70 |Very Good |4. 38 |0. 4 |Very Good | |writing notes, e. g. orders, stock lists, | | | | | | | |hygiene records, accident report book, | | | | | | | |telephone and other messages | | | | | | | |Students speaking and listening – talking |4. 37 |0. 56 |Very Good |4. 36 |0. 63 |Very Good | |face-to-face and on the telephone with | | | | | | | |individuals and groups, e. , colleagues, | | | | | | | |managers, suppliers, inspectors | | | | | | | |Students can assist with the food preparation|4. 15 |0. 60 |Very Good |4. 40 |0. 66 |Very Good | |and service in other areas of the kitchen | | | | | | | |Students can assist in setting up and serving|4. 22 |0. 64 |Very Good |4. 47 |0. 63 |Very Good | |catering functions | | | | | | | |Students can accept criticism and dealing |4. 30 |0. 61 |Very Good |4. 40 |0. 8 |Very Good | |calmly and effectively with high stress | | | | | | | |situations | | | | | | | |Students must be able to work in a |4. 41 |0. 57 |Very Good |4. 38 |0. 59 |Very Good | |cooperative manner with Chefs and kitchen | | | | | | | |staff | | | | | | | |Students have knowledge of principles and processes for |4. 19 |0. 62 |Very Good |4. 37 |0. 66 |Very Good | |providing customer service.This includes customer needs | | | | | | | |assessment, meeting quality standards of service, and | | | | | | | |evaluation of customer satisfaction | | | | | | | |Students can maintain tables and services area in clean and |4. 11 |0. 58 |Very Good |4. 51 |0. 58 |Excellent | |neat manner | | | | | | | |Students as a commitment to the service values and ethics of |4. 30 |0. 72 |Very Good |4. 33 |0. 71 |Very Good | |the client company | | | | | | | |Students can make sure that the foods are been prepared and |4. 44 |0. 58 |Very Good |4. 34 |0. 3 |Very Good | |are presented according to the establishment’s standards. | | | | | | | |Maintain the standards for correct proportioning and | | | | | | | |presentation | | | | | | | |Students can coordinate the delivery of food and service |4. 07 |0. 62 |Very Good |4. 42 |0. 62 |Very Good | |items, to guests in pleasant and timely manner. | | | | | | | |Students can follow all safety rules and actively prevent |4. 48 |0. 51 |Very Good |4. 36 |0. 1 |Very Good | |accidents | | | | | | | |OVERALL |4. 29 |0. 12 |Very Good |4. 42 |0. 08 |Very Good | From the table next page it can be seen that among the male respondents, the item â€Å"Students can follow all safety rules and actively prevent accidents† has the highest average of 4. 48 which means that the level of competence of male respondents with respect to this particular catering skill is â€Å"Very Good. † On the other hand, among the male respondents the item â€Å"Students can coordinate the delivery of food and serv ice items, to guests in pleasant and timely manner† has the lowest average of 4. 7 which means that the level of competence of male respondents with respect to this particular catering skill is â€Å"Very Good. † Generally, with an overall average of 4. 29 the catering skills of male respondents are â€Å"Very Good. † From the same table it can be seen that among the female respondents, the item â€Å"Students could manage to record the quantities and weights needed, the temperature needs to set in cooking and etc. , and the time needs to target either in cooking, rendering service, or in a work† have the same highest average of 4. 60 which means that the level of competence of female respondents with respect to this particular catering skill is â€Å"Excellent. †On the other hand, among the female respondents the item â€Å"Students can respond to the customer’s concerns in a professional manner† has the lowest average of 4. 30 which means that the level of competence of female respondents with respect to this particular catering skill is â€Å"Very Good. † Generally, with an overall average of 4. 42 the catering skills of female respondents are â€Å"Very Good. † TABLE 6 CATERING SKILLS OF RESPONDENTS BY GRADE IN CATERING SUBJECT |Catering Skills |Grade | | |2. 75 – 2. 00 |3. 0 | | | |Mean |SD |Level of Competence | |Students could manage to record the quantities and weights needed, the temperature needs to |4. 56 |0. 57 |Excellent | |set in cooking and etc. , and the time needs to target either in cooking, rendering service, | | | | |or in a work. | | | | |Students can greet, smile and make the customers feel welcome |4. 46 |0. 59 |Very Good | |Students can respond to the customer’s concerns in a professional manner |4. 31 |0. 60 |Very Good | |Students can follow all the safety rules and actively can prevent accidents. |4. 33 |0. 5 |Very Good | |Students can stay calm under pressu re and can cope with several tasks at once |4. 39 |0. 62 |Very Good | |Students uses his/her creativity and imagination to make food look good |4. 39 |0. 60 |Very Good | |Students good communicator, organizer and manager |4. 36 |0. 67 |Very Good | |Students reliable, responsible, dependable and fulfilling obligations |4. 47 |0. 64 |Very Good | |Students reading and understanding straightforward written and graphical information, e. g |4. 48 |0. 8 |Very Good | |recipes, orders, safely signs and notices, labels, instructions on equipment | | | | |Students completing forms and records, writing notes, e. g. orders, stock lists, hygiene |4. 31 |0. 66 |Very Good | |records, accident report book, telephone and other messages | | | | |Students speaking and listening – talking face-to-face and on the telephone with individuals|4. 36 |0. 61 |Very Good | |and groups, e. g, colleagues, managers, suppliers, inspectors | | | | |Students can assist with the food preparation and service in o ther areas of the kitchen |4. 33 |0. 5 |Very Good | |Students can assist in setting up and serving catering functions |4. 40 |0. 64 |Very Good | |Students can accept criticism and dealing calmly and effectively with high stress |4. 37 |0. 66 |Very Good | |situations | | | | |Students must be able to work in a cooperative manner with Chefs and kitchen staff |4. 39 |0. 58 |Very Good | |Students has knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer service. This |4. 32 |0. 5 |Very Good | |includes customer needs assessment, meeting quality standards of service, and evaluation of | | | | |customer satisfaction | | | | |Students can maintain tables and services area in clean and neat manner |4. 40 |0. 60 |Very Good | |Students as a commitment to the service values and ethics of the client company |4. 32 |0. 71 |Very Good | |Students can make sure that the foods are been prepared and are presented according to the |4. 37 |0. 61 |Very Good | |establishment’s standards. M aintain the standards for correct proportioning and presentation| | | | |Students can coordinate the delivery of food and service items, to guests in pleasant and |4. 33 |0. 64 |Very Good | |timely manner. | | | |Students can follow all safety rules and actively prevent accidents |4. 39 |0. 58 |Very Good | |OVERALL |4. 38 |0. 06 |Very Good | From the table above it can be seen that the item â€Å"Students could manage to record the quantities and weights needed, the temperature needs to set in cooking and etc. , and the time needs to target either in cooking, rendering service, or in a work† has the highest average of 4. 56 which means that the level of competence of respondents with grades in catering subject of 5. 00 and with respect to this particular catering skill is â€Å"Excellent. †On the other hand, the items â€Å"Students can respond to the customer’s concerns in a professional manner† and â€Å"Students completing forms and records, writing notes, e. g. orders, stock lists, hygiene records, accident report book, telephone and other messages† have the same lowest average of 4. 31 which means that the level of competence of respondents with respect to these particular catering skill are â€Å"Very Good. † Generally, with an overall average of 4. 38 the respondents with grades in catering subject of 5 . 00 claim that their catering skills are â€Å"Very Good. † The following table below summarizes and presents the catering skills of respondents by age in terms of their level of competence. TABLE 8 CATERING SKILLS OF RESPONDENTS BY AGE: SUMMARY Age (Years) |Catering Skills | | |Good |Very Good |Excellent | | |Frequency |Percentage |Frequency |Percentage |Frequency |Percentage | |16 – 20 |2 |100. 00 |52 |86. 67 |35 |92. 11 | |21 – 25 |0 |0. 00 |8 |13. 33 |3 |7. 89 | |Total |2 |100. 00 |60 |100. 00 |38 |100. 00 | From the table above that majority of the respondents with ages between 16 yea rs and 20 years have â€Å"Very Good† catering skills.Specifically, 52 respondents with ages between 16 years and 20 years, representing 86. 67% of the total of 60 respondents with â€Å"Very Good† catering skills, have â€Å"Very Good† catering skills. From the same table above that most of the respondents with ages between 21 years and 25 years have also â€Å"Very Good† catering skills. Specifically, 8 respondents with ages between 21 years and 25 years, representing 13. 33% of the total of 60 respondents with â€Å"Very Good† catering skills, have â€Å"Very Good† catering skills. The following table below summarizes and presents the catering skills of respondents by gender in terms of their level of competence. TABLE 9 CATERING SKILLS OF RESPONDENTS BY GENDER: SUMMARY Gender |Catering Skills