Case against Animal Experiments Based on Ethical Theories

Many millions of animals suffer and die every year in the name of science. How can this practice be justified? Public debate usually centers on the moral issues.Proponents of the practice argue that the benefits to humans of live animal research are so great that the practice is justified. Opponents argue that no matter what the benefits, the practice is morally odious. Rarely are the scientific benefits of the practice questioned, and when they are, the critique is underdeveloped.Brute Science fills a long neglected gap in the debate by offering an innovative analysis of the scientific benefits of animal research. Although they do discuss basic research, the main thrust of LaFollette and Shanks' argument is directed against applied biomedical research–in particular the use of animals to predict the courses of disease, the efficacy of new treatments, and any harmful side effects that might accompany the latter.The practice of testing new drugs and procedures on animals prior t o clinical trials is compulsory in many countries and arguably accounts for the greatest proportion of the live animals used in research.The term â€Å"animal rights† poses vexing definitional issues, and these issues are complicated by the imprecision with which the term is so often used. Many people loosely associate â€Å"animal rights† with the idea that people have a moral, legal, or custodial duty to treat animals humanely. Such a gloss allows the notion of rights for animals to appear mainstream and to elicit support across a broad spectrum.Peter Singer, who first articulated the ethical basis upon which much of the contemporary animal rights movement rests, prefers to avoid the use of the word â€Å"rights† altogether. â€Å"The language of rights is a convenient political shorthand† Singer wrote in his seminal book, Animal Liberation (Singer, n.p.).â€Å"It is even more valuable in the era of thirty-second TV news clips than it was in Jeremy Ben tham's day; but in the argument for a radical change in our attitude to animals, it is in no way necessary.† (Singer, n.p.)

Stuck in Neutral

Rough Draft of Stuck in Neutral Terry Trueman’s Stuck in Neutral is about a boy who has Cerebral Palsy and yet loves his life. Shawn McDaniels has a lot of problems but he remains optimistic. His CP has left him totally disabled; he is unable to walk, talk, eat, or communicate. Although Shawn acknowledges that there is â€Å"Bad News† about his existence, he focuses on the positives in his life. Shawn loves his family deeply and appreciates people. Shawn finds the sensory world of hearing, smell, taste, and inner life, which is filled with his memories and great journeys of his seizures. Shawn is a very loving person. Everyone can see this by how Shawn loves his family and appreciates people. You can see this throughout the book, like Cindy teaching Shawn how to read. Because of Cindy, Shawn now knows how to read, and he now obscene more in the world around him. He loves his father because of what he has done for Shawn. He had Shawn go on a fair ride with him because he felt bad for him, Shawn also appreciates the poem that was made for Shawn and is now a famous poem (pg. 29), and lastly, Shawn has trust in his father because they have double-jointed thumbs and every time he sees Shawn, he would always first pull back his fingers. The reason Shawn’s dad does this is because they have something in common and Shawn loves this special connection (pg. 52). But lastly Paul. Paul because he stood up for Shawn when he was getting attacked by the hoodlums. Shawn says, â€Å"I’ve never seen Paul like this before, he looks like a monster† (pg. 94). These are the reasons why he loves his family the most. Shawn finds the sensory world of hearing, smelling, taste, and touching interesting. Shawn has a very distinct personality. Shawn loves the site of the paintings that he has seen, the feel of the sponge and water on his back when he is taking a bath, the sound a 1966 Ford Mustang and the taste of smoked oysters and chocolate pudding (pg. 84). He has always loved when his father’s arm was around him in the park because he has feared that he may kill him, he feels safe and comfortable in his arms (pg. 98). He also remembers when he was at the science convention that he can remember all the sounds of the music that was playing there. He heard all the songs and could remember them all from the songs, melodies, and symphonies. He has and will always remember the things that he has loved. The personality that sets Shawn apart from everyone else is his inner personality. Shawn loves his inner life of memory and seizures. This is what sets him apart from everyone else. This is because he thinks seizures are miracles. Because it is the only thing that lets him free (pg. 31-32). The joys of his seizures is when he feels like he is free, soaring over Seattle and when he sees the different colors. He feels like that is his only time that he feels normal. He feels normal because he can move like a normal person and feel like a normal person. He would sell his family and his friends just to keep his seizures. He would do anything just to keep his seizures. â€Å"I would even give up my family and friends just to keep my seizures†, Shawn. In the book, Shawn faces a lot of obstacles in his life. But then he had some good times, like his love for his family, his sensory world of hearing, smell, taste, and touch, and his love for his inner life of memory and seizures. He doesn’t care that he has CP, he just want to live his life to the fullest. Everyone can learn from this because now we can say that we are lucky to have a normal life and we can be grateful to not have problems with our body

Security in Short Range Wireless Networks Thesis

Security in Short Range Wireless Networks - Thesis Example To combat the security threats faced by this short range wireless communication, several techniques have been brought forward. This paper is aimed at evaluating the various threats faced by the short range wireless networks and the effective solutions to these security threats. One of the security problems is eavesdropping. In this case, the attacker ‘listens’ and monitors contents in a message being transmitted. For instance, an attacker may tune into transmissions between a base station and a wireless handset. Wi-Fi is a local networking technology that works on IEEE 802.11 standard implemented by Wi-Fi compatible devices (Davis, 2004). It is used at homes, offices and public hotspots and offer a relatively higher peak data rates than 3G systems do. However, it also creates new security threats as follows. Wi-Fi has a security problem of Evil twin APs. In this case, the hacker creates a rogue Wi-Fi access point to eavesdrop on wireless communications, which appears to be a legitimate one. As a result, wireless clients can easily connect to them, since fraudulent APs can easily advertise the same network SSID as legitimate connections. Once the victim clients connect, traffic is routed using DHCP and DNS through the evil twin, and this may lead to man-in-the-middle attacks (Lemstra, Hayes, & Groenewegen, 2010). Data interception is another security problem encountered. Eavesdroppers can easily capture data that is sent over Wi-Fi within a short distance or even longer with directional antennas. This is done using cracking tools like ElcomSoft Wireless Security Auditor that locates wireless networks and intercepts data packets. Wi-Fi also encounters denial of service attacks, where an attacker frequently sends bogus requests, premature successful/failure connection messages and other commands to Access Points that are targeted. These attacks make channels busy, disconnect

Hypothetical Human Resources Department Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hypothetical Human Resources Department - Essay Example Increasingly, organizations will seek HR professionals who can align HR strategy with business strategy (Bundy, 3). In this paper here is the review of Human Resource roles and responsibilities that will be assigning to this department in response to trends in globalization, technology, diversity, e-business and ethics. Human Resource professionals are increasing their scope when it comes to searching for talent. Globalization has enabled HR professionals to seek candidates from around the world. This trend towards globalization brings up several new factors to consider when hiring employees. For example, HR practices must take into consideration differences in culture and business practices. It would be a mistake to send someone who has been an excellent manager in one country to a brand new country and expect him to be as successful as he was in his own country. Before selecting employees to work in another country, HR must take into consideration the employees ability to understand and respect the cultural and business norms of the host country. In addition, even hiring at home may involve selecting employees from other countries. It is estimated by 2006 immigrants will likely account for an additional million persons in the U.S. workforce (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart & Wright, 23). Leading todays HR function involves much more than having the right programs in place for employees and managers. Now, one of HRs most important responsibilities is leveraging technology and the Internet to support both the function and the business (Mercer, 2006). Advances in technology have had huge impacts on how HR professionals manage Human Resources. Management and implementation of Human Resource information technology solutions now include highly developed Human Resources programs often referred to as HRIS (human resource information systems) that are used in an effort to maximize productivity throughout an

Response paper to Oedipus the king Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Response paper to Oedipus the king - Essay Example He subjects the citizens of Thebes to questioning regardless of their age and status in society. He specifically questions a blind prophet, a shepherd, and a messenger. He gets different narratives regarding how Laius was killed. After questioning one of the prophets, it becomes evident that the individual who killed Laius would sleep with his (Laius’) wife, Jocasta (Sophocles par 1). This story disturbs Oedipus greatly, forcing him to investigate the matter further. Jocasta cautions him not to investigate the matter beyond what he already knows, but he ignores her pleas. Jocasta’s persistence against investigating the matter raises a number of issues. It is most likely that she knew Oedipus was her son. One may ask if she wanted to fulfill the prophecy or acted out of shear ignorance. If she knew what was going on, why did she let Oedipus suffer for things he hardly knew about? After further investigation, it turns out that he was the killer of Laius and that Jocasta was his mother. From this scenario, it was not destined for Oedipus to kill his father and marry his mother. All these things happened without his knowledge (Sophocles par 1). If he had known that Laius was his father, he would not have initiated such an action. His action was fair, and the people to be blamed were Laius and Jocasta. They abandoned Oedipus at a tender age, and he grew up knowing neither his father nor his mother. However, this does not prevent Thebes from experiencing the plague. This is unfair to Oedipus because he was the killer. Another issue in the play that is worth mentioning is: why does Oedipus have to suffer for crimes that he did not commit? The actual killing of Laius occurred when Oedipus was provoked and offended by a group of travellers. Oedipus killed Laius in self-defense. When one is faced with such a situation, reasonably, there is no option other than to defend oneself. It is not fair to hold Oedipus accountable for the curse that has

Tobacco companies imply that Snus is the new safer way to smoke, is Essay

Tobacco companies imply that Snus is the new safer way to smoke, is that enitrely true - Essay Example Regardless of findings, tobacco was responsible for over 1 million deaths in 1990. (Tobacco and health 2007) The results include both smoked and non smoked forms of tobacco. Snus is a product that is made of tobacco. It is similar to cigarettes accept it is not smoked by the consumer and inhaled through the lungs. Snus is a low moisture tobacco product that is in a bag similar to a tea bag. The consumer uses the snus in the gum line. The snus is then dissolved in the mouth to release nicotine. (J Foulds, L Ramstrom, M Burke, K Fagerstro?m2003) What is important to consider is whether or not consumers believe that snus is safer then smoking. Since snus is not inhaled in the lungs and through the air passages, it does reduce the risk of lung cancer. Yes, this is an important risk reduction when choosing snus instead of traditional smoking but lung cancer is not the only problem associated with tobacco use. Tobacco use regardless of the form is harmful to many areas of the body and cont ains many carcinogens and added ingredients. Tobacco comes in many different forms and is thought of in the United States as being unsafe regardless of which tobacco form is used. Since tobacco is portrayed as unsafe, does the public actually think that snus is safer than traditional forms of smoking such as cigarettes, roll your own, or pipes. In a study conducted by Nicotine & Tobacco Research Volume 9, Number 10 (October 2007) 1033–1042, it was found that only as much as 20% of tobacco users through many different countries thought that smokeless tobacco like snus was less harmful than traditional forms of tobacco. These findings are a great supporting document that consumers do not believe claims that are made by tobacco companies. If the tobacco companies claim that snus is a safer tobacco but only 20% believe it is, tobacco companies are proved to be unreliable. It is a fact that tobacco companies produce false statements. The question, tobacco companies imply that snus is the new safer way to smoke, is that entirely true? This is a mixed statement. Research does show that snus is a safer way to smoke because it is not smoked. The question itself and the claim do not really make any sense when further explored. Any type of product that is not smoked is likely to be less harmful of a product then one that is smoked. Statement like that made by tobacco companies are a cheap way to cover up the damage that has been done already by the tobacco industry. Further exploration of the statement would reveal that not smoking something will always be less harmful then not smoking something. The real question that should be explored is whether or not the chemicals in the snus are as harmful as the chemicals in traditional forms of smoking. Snus may be safer to the respiratory system since it is not directly inhaled but snus is reportedly just as harmful to other areas of the body and does pose devastating health risks like that of cigarettes. Snus is harmful to the digestive, cardiovascular and metabolic systems in the human body. A study conducted by Roth Associates Inc, shows that snus does have less risks then smoking but is still harmful. This study supports the statement that snus is less harmful then smoking. Although the product is less harmful it can still be damaging. Chemicals in snus are damaging and increase high blood pressure. An increase in high blood pressure leads to cardiac arrest, stroke and an increase in heart

Risk Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Risk Assessment - Essay Example Pesticides sprayed on plants are not just sprayed on plants, but soak into the soil on which we walk and get into the underground water supply, contaminating it so that it becomes unsafe to drink. I also do not want to put anything into my body that I cannot read on a label and pronounce and understand, and speaking from the heart, I cannot understand the name of any pesticide, except to tell you that anything ending in â€Å"zine† is bad. Pesticides and herbicides should be tested for their potential to harm humans by putting them into a controlled sample of water and observing changes over time. If the water were to turn an unnatural color, such as brown or gray, the pesticide would then be deemed unsafe. It should also be tested on samples of soil by placing the controlled pesticide sample into the soil and monitoring plant growth throughout the sample. For further testing, we should introduce fish into a larger, yet still controlled sample of water, and if the pesticide sample introduced to that environment caused any harm to the fish, then we would know it would be unsafe for humans. As a consumer, we have a responsibility to not only read labels on the food that we purchase, but to know where our food comes from. Simply choosing to buy organic is not enough. We must know, at all times, if the can of corn or the bag of onions that we are about to pick up in the grocery store came from a place where chemicals are used on the food. This is our responsibility as a consumer, to make sure that we are aware of what is going into our

Family Involvement Model in Early Childhood Education Essay

Family Involvement Model in Early Childhood Education - Essay Example The primary teachers of children are the parents or guardians, and the primary school is the home. Education starts at home. The home is the foundation of learning. Even when the children are going to school, the family continues to support learning at home. Learning does not begin and end at school. It is just where formal learning takes place and is just one of the venues for educating children. The family is a part of the community. Support of the community in the Learning Programs of children makes education more effective. An active community working hand in hand with families creates an enriching learning environment and a continuing learning venue from school for the children. Let us first define the period of early childhood. It begins from birth or infancy to age five. This is the period when major transformations take place: physical, social, intellectual, emotional and mental. It is the time when basic skills are learned which forms part of the learning foundation for use in later years. Basic skills include learning how to count, distinguishing letters, maintaining attention and remembering experiences. This is the phase when children develop their self-concept, which is influenced in great part by what they see and experience at home. They also develop their self-esteem and start to make friends at this period. ... The very basic theory deals with the basic needs of children and how these are met. Where does learning come into the hierarchy of needs and what are the prerequisite needs to make the process of education more effective are questions addressed by this theory. These theories espouse the importance of social interaction in the development of children. The theories stress the effects of experiences from these social interactions as major factors in the habits, attitudes, views and the eventual learning success or failure of children. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is the most basic theory in a child's development. This is important so we may understand the priorities of children and the possible distractions they may have to learning. In psychology, it is a motivational theory where needs of people are placed in a hierarchy starting with the most basic needs at the base (Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs). Abraham Maslow introduced the idea that the actions of people are determined by specific goals that they want to attain. A behavior is directed toward the satisfaction of a need. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is often represented by a pyramid with five levels. The first four levels are concerned with physiological needs and the topmost remaining level is concerned with growth needs. The premise is that the needs at the bottom or at the base have to be satisfied first before meeting the topmost need. Physiological needs like food, water, air, sleep and sex are at the bottom followed by Safety needs like health, property, e mployment and environmental security. The third level is Belongingness which includes family, friendship and love. Esteem including respect, self-esteem, accomplishments and confidence comprise the fourth level.

Management Society and new forms of work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Management Society and new forms of work - Essay Example On the other hand, it can be seen that this concept raises a lot of social issues that might also destabilise peace and tranquillity in different areas. Against this backdrop, this paper has been designed to explore the reasons why the issue of precarity is of concern to the current labour and management practices. The paper starts by outlining the concept of precarity and its impact on the welfare of people as well as to suggest measures that can be implemented in order to address this particular problem. The concept of precarity is a quite a new sociological discourse in the contemporary labour and management practice. â€Å"In 2003, the concept of precarity emerged as the central organizing platform for a series of social struggles that would spread across the space of Europe,† (Neilson & Rossiter, 2009, p. 51). This concept is concerned with highlighting the issue that social security in different workplaces is disappearing as a result of the fact that the employers are pr imarily concerned with productivity in their organizations while overlooking the needs and interests of the employees such as improving their welfare through offering them rewards for their efforts. This scenario is evident in different sectors of the society where people working on part time basis, permanent employees as well as the unemployed often find themselves in a predicament where they often fail to derive security from their jobs. These people live a precarious life whereby it can be seen that they are not in a position to secure themselves against things like mounting debts as well as to enjoy good welfare. People who are entitled to low wages also face the same predicament since they are forced to eke a living from the meagre income they earn from their work. The concept of precarity has negative effects on different sectors of the economy and society at large. Generally speaking, employees living under precarious conditions are not satisfied with their work. According to a study by Patterson et al (1998) entitled, ‘Impact of People Management Practices on Business Performance,’ it can be seen that people in an organization make a difference between success and failure. The management practices have an impact on the performance of the people in the organization. People who are satisfied with their work are productive compared to those who are not. Satisfaction can be derived if the employees are rewarded for their effort in an organization. However, if there are no measures in place that are designed to address the issue of employee motivation through giving them rewards for their performance, it can be observed that the workers are likely to lose goodwill in the company in the long run. The adverse effects of precarity among the workforce during the contemporary period mainly involve aspects related to quality of work as well as productivity. According to Robbins (1993), a workforce that is dissatisfied is likely to be less productive compared to workers who are happy about their work. This impacts on the performance of the organization as a whole since it may fail to achieve its set goals. On the other hand, it can be seen that this state of affairs can also compromise on the aspect of quality of the goods and services offered by the company concerned. This in turn may impact on the profitability of the company since the targeted customers

Family and social policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Family and social policy - Essay Example Throughout the eighties, they retained the plateau reached in divorce rates, and more than one-third of the marriages were likely to end in divorce. Focusing on these factors, Gittings (1993) argues that: 'There is no such thing as the family, and that no single form of the family has ever existed'. The impact of these changes has been perceptible for women at both ends of the childbearing years. In both age groups women have become less prone to be living as part of a married couple with children, and more prone to be either a lone parent, living alone or living as part of a childless couple. There has been a distinct shift for women from the role of spouse to the standing of the household head. Social and economic trends that have seen increased economic activity of women have conveyed these demographic developments. Though, socialists also distinguished eighties for the impact of economic recession and the rise of mass unemployment. These developments had a particular collision on families (mainly lone-parent families) and led to a threefold increase in the numbers of children living in poverty (Martin J, and Roberts C. 1984). In the death of a clear and wide-ranging model of family policy in Britain, response to demographic and social change has been incremental and sometimes contradictory. The family has increasingly become the center of political and public debate and disagreement. Attempts to persuade at times contrary objectives make any involvement in family policy exceedingly intricate.

Water Corporation report Essay Example for Free

Water Corporation report Essay Comparison of Dividends and Redemptions. Bailey is one of four equal unrelated shareholders of Checker Corporation. Bailey has held Checker stock for four years and has a basis in her stock of $40,000. Checker has $280,000 of current and accumulated EP and distributes $100,000 to Bailey. What are the tax consequences to Checker and to Bailey if Bailey is an individual and the distribution is treated as a dividend? The amount of a distribution equals money received plus the FMV of any non money property received reduced by any liabilities assumed or acquired by the shareholder. The distribution is treated as a dividend to the extent of the distributing corporation’s current and accumulated EP. Any additional; excess is  treated as a capital gain. The shareholder’s basis in the property received is its FMV. The shareholder’s holding period for the property begins on the day after the distribution date. When a corporation distributes appreciated property, it must recognize gain as if it sold the property for its FMV immediately before the distribution. For gain recognition purposes, a property’s FMV is deemed to be at least equal to any liability to which the property is subject or that the shareholder assumes in connection with the distribution. A corporation recognizes no loss when it distributes to its shareholders property that has depreciated in value. A corporation’s EP is increased by any EP gain resulting from a distribution of appreciated property. A corporation’s EP is reduced by (a) the amount distributed plus (b) the greater of the FMV or EP adjusted basis of any non money property distributed, minus  © any liabilities to which the property is subject or that the shareholder assumes in connection with the distribution. EP also is reduced by taxes paid or incurred on the corporation’s recognized gain, if any. In Part a, what would be the tax consequences if Bailey were a corporation? The amount of a distribution equals money received plus the FMV of any non money property received reduced by any liabilities assumed or acquired by the shareholder. The distribution is treated as a dividend to the extent of the distributing corporation’s current and accumulated EP. Any distribution amount exceeding EP is treated as a return of capital that reduces the shareholder’s stock basis (but not below zero). Any additional excess is treated as a capital gain. The shareholder’s basis in the property received is its FMV. The shareholder’s holding period for the property begins on the day after the distribution date. What are the tax consequences to Checker and to Bailey (an individual) if Bailey surrenders all her stock in a redemption qualifying for sale treatment? Sale Exception: If the redemption meets specific requirements, the distribution amount received by the shareholder is offset by the adjusted basis of the shares surrendered. The difference generally is treated as a capital gain or loss. No basis adjustment occurs. Gain/Loss Recognition: Under the sale exception, the corporation recognizes gain (but not loss) as though it has sold distributed noncash property for its FMV immediately before redemption. Earnings and Profits Adjustment: For a redemption treated as a sale, EP is reduced  by the portion of current and accumulated attributable to the redeemed stock. Any distribution amount exceeding this portion reduces the corporation’s paid-in capital. In Part c, what would be the tax consequences if Bailey were a corporation? Sale Exception: If the redemption meets specific requirements, the distribution amount received by the shareholder is offset by the adjusted basis of the shares surrendered. This difference is generally treated as a capital gain or loss. No basis adjustment occurs. Which treatment would Bailey prefer if Bailey were an individual? Which treatment would Bailey Corporation prefer? Bailey would prefer to be taxed and treated as an individual. Bailey corporation would prefer to be treated like a corporation. Compare the tax consequences to the shareholder and the distributing corporation of the following three kinds of corporate distributions: ordinary dividends, stock redemptions, and complete liquidations Ordinary Dividends The amount of a distribution equals money received plus the FMV of any non money property received reduced by any liabilities assumed or acquired by the shareholder. The distribution is treated as a dividend to the extent of the distributing corporation’s current and accumulated EP. Any additional; excess is treated as a capital gain. The shareholder’s basis in the property received is its FMV. The shareholder’s holding period for the property begins on the day after the distribution date. When a corporation distributes appreciated property, it must recognize gain as if it sold the property for its FMV immediately before the distribution. For gain recognition purposes, a property’s FMV is deemed to be at least equal to any liability to which the property is subject or that the shareholder assumes in connection with the distribution. A corporation recognizes no loss when it distributes to its shareholders property that has depreciated in value. A corporation’s EP is increased by any EP gain resulting from a distribution of appreciated property. A corporation’s EP is reduced by (a) the amount distributed plus (b) the greater of the FMV or EP adjusted basis of any non money property distributed, minus  © any liabilities to which the property is subject or that the shareholder assumes  in connection with the distribution. EP also is reduced by taxes paid or incurred on the corporation’s recognized gain, if any. Stock Redemption for Shareholders General Rule: The distribution amount received by a shareholder in exchange for his or her stock is treated as a dividend to the extent of the distributing corporation’s EP. The basis of the surrendered stock is added to the basis of the shareholder’s remaining stock. Distributing Corporation Gain/Loss Recognition: Under the general rule, the corporation recognizes gain (but not loss) as though it had sold distributed noncash property for its FMV immediately before the redemption. Earnings and Profits Adjustment: For a redemption treated as a dividend, EP is reduced in the same manner as for regular dividend.

Heredity, the Environment and Development Essay Example for Free

Heredity, the Environment and Development Essay The study of genetics has grown out of a desire to understand how exactly the individual comes to be just that, an individual different from its peers. In order to comprehend the scope of possible outcomes and how they came to be behavioral genetics looks at a number of variables; these include the impact of our genes (nature), and our environment (nurture). A countless number of hypotheses were put to the test through research to analyze the degree of influence of each. In this paper, team A will discuss the methods of behavioral genetics, the various research techniques used, their testing populations and why used, along with proposed answers and explanations. Behavioral GeneticsBehavioral geneticists uses family, twin and adoption studies as a basis for their argument of individual differences (Lerner, Bearer, Garcia, Coll, 2004). A significant contributor to studies in behavioral genetics, provides this definition: Behavioral genetics is the genetic study of behavior, which includes quantitative genetics (twin and adoption studies) as well as molecular genetics (DNA studies) of human and animal behavior broadly defined to include responses of the organism from responses measured in the brain such as functional neuro-imaging to self-report questionnaires (Plomin,2004). Read more:  Influences that affect childrens development essay One of the first twin studies was conducted by Bouchard in 1979 when he found a set of monozygotic twins, babies from a fertilized egg that splits into two. The babies were separated at a few weeks old. The babies had many physiological and psychological similarities. Since Bouchards initial study it has been proven that, while monozygotic twins raised together have many similarities, those separated at an early age have an even greater likeness. Since twins being raised together are more likely to highlight their differences in order to maintain some element of independence, behavioral geneticists argue that this indicates a strong genetic underpinning in human development (Plomin, 2004). Research conducted by Grilo and Pogue-Geile (1991) correlated the familial relationships with extroversion. The study included monozygotic twins reared together and apart, dizygote twins reared together and apart, biological parents and children, biological siblings, adoptive parents and children and  unrelated siblings reared together. The results reflected that the highest correlation was between monozygotic twins raised together and apart. The lowest correlation was between unrelated siblings raised together. For behavioral geneticists, these results conclude that genetics are at work in determining the extroversion of a person. Behavioral geneticists suggest reasonable doubt in assuming connections between psychological environments and developmental results may be genetically arbitrated and that the environment a person is in responds to the genetically influenced characteristics (Plomin, 2004). The genetic association between parent and child is useful to examine. For example, †¦differences in parenting can be the genetic effect rather than the environmental cause of childrens psychopathology (Plomin, 2004, p. 345). The results of the twin, adoption and family studies support these assumptions. The Correlation of Heredity and EnvironmentThe nature versus nurture controversy exists because some people believe that a persons genetics has the greatest impact on their personality, intelligence and behavior. On the flipside, some people believe that the environment has more of an impact. Behavior geneticists assume that behavior is influenced by the relations of heredity and environment. With the help of twin studies, and adoption studies researchers are working on understanding what molds a person into the individual he or she is today. Twin studies, using identical twins, are conducted to understand how biology influences traits and psychopathology in humans whose genotypes are the same (Haimowitz, n.d.).Twin studies also use fraternal twins who share half of the genes they acquire at conception which helps to compare the degrees of genetic influence such as intelligence and personality. Adoption studies take a look to see if adoptive children exhibit the behavioral and psychological traits of their adoptive parents, or those of their biological parents (Haimowitz). Any links to biological parents can be attributed to genetics, and any connection to adoptive parents can be  attributed to environment. Heredity-Environment correlations can be shown in three ways. One is the passive genotype-environment correlations. Passive genotype-environment correlation exists when a childs biological parents are raising him or her (MacDonald, n.d.). An example of this situation could be Anas parents having the genetic predisposition to be intelligent and read skillfully leading one to believe that Ana will more than likely share these skills. Evocative Genotype-Environment Correlation occurs when a childs genotype provokes a specific type of physical or social environment (MacDonald, n.d.). An example of this type of correlation: Andrew is artistic, and outgoing, he will elicit encouragement to try out for plays. Sheena is very athletic and competitive; she will be encouraged to go out for sports. Active genotype-Environment Correlations emerge when a child seeks out environments he or she will find compatible and stimulating (MacDonald, n.d.). An example could be that a child like Matilda, who has a gift of music, will seek a musical environment where she can expand on her talent. Scientist researching how genetics influences academic achievements show three ways heredity and environment could possibly be correlated. The three ways in which Meredith Phillips and a team of colleagues found genetics and environment to be correlated are passive correlation, active correlation, and reactive correlation. Passive correlation: genes influence both a childs environment and heredity (Phillips, Brooks-Gunn, Crane, Duncan, Klebanov, n.d.,  ¶ 3). Active correlation: genes influence the environments that a child seeks out (Phillips et al.,  ¶ 3). Reactive correlation: environments react differently to people with different genetic profiles (Phillips et al.,  ¶ 3). In passive correlation if a parent is the type of person whom enjoys reading, the love for reading could be transferred to the child from the parent reading to the child frequently. The child will already have the genetics from the parents. My son enjoys music I would like to think he received that from me because of my interest in music. He hears a great deal of music when at home therefore, the music rich environment my son is placed in has an influence on his musical achievements. Combined with the genetic aspect of my love for music and his fathers love for music the affect of his music rich environment causes a stronger influential desire to be involved in music. In active correlation, the child has genetic influences from the parent reading to him or her. When the child voices the desires for the parent to read to him or her, the parent enjoying the reading ultimately influences the child by reading to the child. The child requesting stories to be read is the incentive the parent has to continue the process along with the parents love for reading. Reactive correlation was described as genetics affecting the childs physical features with the childs features being judged by peers. The views of the childs peers are voiced and in the process the childs academic achievements are effected. The childs environment can put him or her under a certain labels. In this situation genetics affects the views of the childs peers and the environment combined with genetics can have a negative affect on the childs academics. Definition of Shared and Non-shared Environmental ExperiencesBeyond genetics, each individual has a unique personality that is based on a blending of their shared and non-shared experiences in life. Shared environmental experiences are those which the majority of the world encounters. Shared experiences can occur differently by culture, but generally adhere to a specific social clock or a set of age norms that defines a sequence of normal life experiences (Boyd Bee, p. 10). For American culture think of the traditions of school, watching a baseball game, having a BBQ, getting married, having children, working and retiring as relative shared norms that all, or most of us, encounter. Of course, non-shared experiences are different for each of us; these are categorized as individual experiences. Individual or non-shared experiences  can be influenced by race, socioeconomic status, and other social factors (Boyd Bee, 2006, p. 36). These individual differences can also be related to school, relationships, marriage and childbirth and the unique perspective that each person has. Each individual thinks much differently and so the way that they perceive and interact in the world will make their experiences, shared and non-shared, unique to them. Role Played by Shared and Non-shared Environmental Experiences DevelopmentThe importance that shared and non-shared experiences have in development is that they help shape our personal development as well as our social development. If in fact, each person encounters shared experiences in accordance with the norm expected, they are more likely to fit in culturally and have a higher understanding of appropriate and healthy relationships. Likewise, with non-shared experiences if interactions each person has with their parents and peers, and in his or her independent life, is healthy they will know themselves internally and process environmental factors that occur around them in a healthy manner. If the shared and non shared experiences of an individual do not go according to the norms of society it will be more difficult for them to develop into healthy adults who function both independently and interdependently at appropriate levels. (Boyd Bee, 2006, p. 36) In conclusion, behavioral geneticists have used a wide array of approaches to their research in developmental theories. Through the use of identical twins a great deal of information has been acquired on the basis of both genetics and environment. The strongest proponent of this argument was shown to be the case of identical twins separated at birth exhibiting very similar characteristics even though they had not been raised in the same environment. Corresponding research which also strengthens this argument shows that adoptive children exhibit very few of the characteristics of their adoptive parents. It seems safe to say that genetics lay the foundation of behavior with environment and individual experience capable of exhibiting some influence beyond that. References Boyd, D., Bee, H. (2006). Lifespan Development. Retrieved from http://ecampus.phoenix.eduGrilo, C. M., Pogrue-Geile, M. F. (1991). The Nature of Environmental Influences on Weight and Obesity: A Behavior Genetic  Analysis [White paper]. Retrieved from National Institute of Health: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.govHaimowitz, A. G. (n.d.). Heredity versus Environment: Twin, Adoption, and Family. Retrieved April 21, 2009, from http://www.personalityresearch.org/papers/haimowitz.htmlLerner, R. M., Bearer, E. L., Garcia, , Coll, C. G. (2004). Nature and Nurture: the Complex Intereplay if Genetic and Environmental Influences on Human Behavior and Development. . Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=iFriCJCTsx4Cprintsec=frontcoverMacDonald, K. (n.d.). PSYCHOLOGY 361: BEHAVIOR GENETICS. Retrieved April 21, 2009 , from http://www.csulb.edu/~kmacd/361Notes2.htmlPhillips, M., Brooks-Gunn, J., Crane, J., Duncan, G. J., Klebanov, P. (n.d.). How Might Genetic Influences on Academic Achievement Masquerade as Environmental Influences?. Retrieved April 22, 2009, from http://www.children.smartlibrary.org/NewInterface/segment.cfm?segment=2606Plomin, R. (2004). Genetic and Developmental Psychology. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 50(3), 341-352. Retrieved from http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/merrill-palmer_quarterly/v050/50.3polmin.html

Impact Of The Internet On Our Society Media Essay

Impact Of The Internet On Our Society Media Essay The Internet is the epitome of the fast moving, dynamic sector of the twenty first centuary. It is arguably the blazon of innovation in communication technologies, services, and the markets over the last 15 or so years, is viewed by many as a communication frontier with many radical transformative potential  [1]  . The Internet and specifically its usage provides an example that how its nature and consequences has been transforming the society. This paper argues that how the internet brings changes and its impact on society. This paper will also try to find out the role of the State in bringing the changes and development into the Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Internet now has become more pervasive than television and radio in todays globalised world. It provides the rare information and examples that was not easily accessible before. With the expansion of the internet and communication technology the development has started taken place. The significance of the Internet has not just in the field communication but also into each and every sphere of life. The extent of Internet is such that anyone can access any information from anywhere. There is no geographical boundaries left as all are removed by the internet communication technology. Cyber has removed the distance as now everybody is so interconnected, people share their ideas, thoughts, suggestions, problems, ideas etc and cyber always welcome them. Internet welcomes the intellectual activities i. e those who wants to express their views are always welcome.  [2]  Internet has emerged as a prominent medium of communication. The issue that has become a prominent focus of debate and a lso is to examine the impact of Internet on society. This also leads to the transforming phase of the society that how the society is been transforming and a new society is been emerging. In this transformation of the society it is the State which plays a major role in the development of the Information and communication technology which leads to the changes. The evolution of Internet was by United States Department of defence Advanced Research Projects Agency Network, APRANET, in 1970 for transferring data and information. But the way it has transformed our society Hauben and Hauben (1997) refer to as Netizens: Net Citizens.  [3]   It has created its own terminology its own world such as search engines (google.com; wikipeadia.com); web pages, web servers, clients, http, POP, DNS, ISDN and various domain names also. In this present world we talk about e-shopping ; e trade e-toys; e-commerce; e-governance; online services etc which shows the desires of our society that how ready it is to adopt these changes of the changing world. Technology and Social Changes: As everything has its positive and negative impact, internets also have its positive as well as its negative impact not only in the society but also into the security, political and economical ways of living. Since 1993 numbers of the net users have been increasing continuously and now days everybody has its own e-mail id and have access to all the information which is available over the Internet. In terms of security, nuclear issues continue to dominate, but with the greater concerns about chemical and biological weapons and their possible use by so-called rogue states such as Iraq, or terrorist groups able to use the global interconnectedness of transport and ICTs to communicate, organize boundaries more easily. Weapons of mass destruction (WMD) as a catch all terms signalled the expanded range of weapons beyond the nuclear seen as threat in the contemporary world. (UK Government, 2002).  [4]  With the arrival of the internet the issue of security becomes more complex and diffi cult to control. Youngs argued that, The more dependent on ICT network individuals, organisations, economies and states become, the more difficult it is to police and control informational boundaries. The digital age feeds on the capturing and transferral of data across increasing numbers of network nodes at ever faster speeds. It is not an overstatement to say that as societies and individuals and entities within them operate via the Internet, whether through e-banking or business, email and chat rooms activity, or political activism, the more they are caught in it, identified by and through the networks they are involved in and the information they contain about them. This is the situation where boundaries can easily collapse, and this goes much further than just the idea that the internet crosses geographical and political divides, and separations between public (institutional) and private (personal) social spaces and places.(Youngs,2001)  [5]   The transnational characteristics of the Internet and its multi-sector nature- economies and politics, public and private commercial and non-profit, formal and informal, institutional and individual and so on- are fundamental to the intricate meaning of the transformations associated with the network society. Many would argue that the internationalisation of the economy, over the twentieth centuary in particular, was a major driver of globalisation, but in the latter part of that centuary ICTs (and to some extent media generally) were integral to that process.  [6]   For blurred boundary between warfare, criminal activity and plain old-fashioned system failure as perhaps one of the greatest difficulties for the nation states. Edward argued Many of the technologies being brought into use are expected to operate across the wide range of platforms-types of computers and types of network, to the extent that different operating systems sharing a network can sometimes have unintended consequences. These can range from system crashes to non- specific random errors. So there is an issue of threshold to be addressed in terms of protective security and military defence. The latter may be good at responding to definite signals, but the small inconsistencies that plague large systems make it difficult to tell when a decisive boundary has been crossed to be able to initiate a large-scale and well-resourced response.(Edward, 2003: 103; my emphasis.)  [7]   The changes into the mode of communication has brought significant and historic changes into the society as well as such developments has given attention on the relationship of communication to the definition and nature of the modern state, its security, identity and democratic processes.  [8]  Internet has become the origin of the communication system in USA. Robert Deibert argues that would withstand a nuclear attack. Young argues that but equally, if not even more interesting are the exponential transformations involving the Internet in all spheres of human and social interactions.  [9]   Young argues about the impact of internet on the economics of the state that while the success of the states becomes significantly linked to digital advances of varying kinds, growing number of citizens are also offered via the Internet an interactive political sphere that extends well beyond the traditional state settings. Reflexive processes impacting on political affiliations and identities are increasingly likely to reflect these expanded circumstances (Youngs, 2001  [10]  ) . With this Internet is representing a completely new virtual social environment, which also links directly the private space of home to the wider world, just as in, some ways, radio and television did, but in case of Internet much more powerfully for example, through interactivity  [11]  . For many people in the world Internet is the medium of exchange of spheres as well as it acts as a medium of global reach. However for some it is not accessible example: digital divide the line which divides the digitally empowered and the digitally poor, hampers the ICT potentials of placing unequal human beings on an equal footing. Digital poverty is much more problematic because it affects not just the traditionally rich but also the traditionally poor and threatens to broaden socio-economic inequalities even further.  [12]  Internet is transforming the lives of human beings and attention must be paid towards the lives of those who are not cyber literate and are disempowered. By making th em cyber literate this problem can be solved and for this purpose active participation is needed. Impact of Internet on Education: Internets help a lot in the field of education by providing new information and keep them updated. It has transformed the relationship between the teachers and the students and gave a new horizon and prospects to it. Example: earlier students were not aware about the current information they depends upon books and newspapers but with the access of Internet they can easily grab the information in whatever language they want and needed. Students learn various languages and can communicate with teachers and experts just by clicking mouse. Internet has now become a source of joy and education both. State is also playing its role in increasing cyber literacy. Government by making various polices is trying to make people participate into the programmes and policies made for the educational purposes. Internet also brings new social environment from private space to the globalised world. As Internet is very helpful for the students and children for their educational purposes in positive aspe cts. However it has its negative aspects also as there are certain websites which are dangerous to them. According to Littleton Colorado, in April 1999(vice-president, Gore) In the field of education children gain access to areas which are not suitable and dangerous. And in other areas also the issues of security is of great concern.  [13]  Firewalls are the issues which are always needed and in great demands for security purposes not only in the field of education but also in business . Internet is the ocean of information, as far as one satisfied it continuously provides information. Political Influence: The Internet explicitly propagates and implicitly spreads western democratic values. These views are mainly spread through some governmental organisations or government-sponsored groups in the West. Internet degrades and repudiates those countries, political parties and governments that have different ideologies from those of the West. It can be used as a tool to harm national sovereignty and interfere with other countries internal affairs.  [14]   Impact of Internet on Culture: The Internet advocates western life styles. These websites displays various aspects of western society and life, and the overwhelming majority of then have positive portrayals of the western life-style. It makes people believe that the West seems to be countries of absolute freedom and paradise for individual achievement where private life is without obstacles and external inferences. This is particularly appealing to the youths whose life philosophy and worldview have yet to mature. They aspire with great diligence to go abroad just to change a way of living. It helps in dominant cultures impact and homogenize in an inferior position. Because the Internet overwhelming is a culture of the English language, it further strengthens throughout the globe the culture based upon the English language. In comparison, cultures based upon any other language have been weakened. It also corrupts peoples mind, influences and changes moral perspective and ethical values. The pornography merchants i n western countries have opened websites. This has led to the Commerce Committee of the U.S Senate to propose the 1995 Communications Act for Good Behaviour to prohibit sex crimes committed on the internet  [15]  However U.S plays a kind of hegemony into the field of Internet. Security threats: Due to hackers nothing is safe on Internet which is transferred. They can strike anywhere and anytime and can hack. According to the Statistics of the US.FBI incidents of the American Internet networks being broken into are rapidly increasing by 30% annually, making the US suffer tremendously.  [16]   Flooding of Information: Waste of time and resources The Internet is capable of providing connectivity to millions of people together. People connected together may create Internet junk such as advertisement; product information etc. It may provide incorrect information which may be real or fake. The creation of unwanted information online is a huge loss of time and cost of searching valuable information as well as people may get mislead easily. The younger generation is highly infected with this because of two factors such as their young age and also they have time to access Internet as much as they want and the information which is available on internet may mislead them to other directions. Conclusion: This paper focussed on how Internet has its impact on our society and how the technology brings social change. How the technology benefits the human beings and how it brings prosperity and welfare and how every citizen is benefitted with the Information and Communication technology. For building information-oriented or cyber literate society state do not need resources to invest more and more into it but it needs creative individuals and comparatively small amount of investment in ICT infrastructure. As anyone can easily provide the information about the product and all the transactions takes place online. Example: Carpet industries in Bhadohi (U.P, India),if someone wants to place an order from US then he need not to come to India but can place order online. Or, Puppets from Rajasthan, can ordered online from anywhere in the world. All the geographical boundaries are been collapsed through Internet as even the smallest information is available on Internet at the cheapest rates. Info rmation and Communication Technology also helps to remove the economical inequalities. And also tries to remove the digital divided or the technological imbalances not only in between the countries which are developed and under-developed but also between the males and females. As Susan Stranges had argued in analysis of global political economy, in advance of the Internet age the importance of technological power for an understanding of continuing US hegemony widespread economic significance of ICTs, and the prominence of major corporations such as Microsoft.  [17]   The impact of the Internet on our society is discussed in this paper on the fields of education; politics; culture; security and economics. All these reflect the needs of the regulatory measures or the cyber laws not only just making but implications also. However an increasingly networked and information driven world as a community is been formed. They can access to all the information which includes e business, cross border political affiliations and activism that may help to form new kinds of identities; individual research activities that enable, for example, citizens to gain access to world press and other official views of governments action; cross national political or personal discussions in chat rooms; email relationships between people who have never met.  [18]  As Young, argued that Internet is both complex as well as easy and through Internet crosses the geographical and political divides and also it brings separation between public and private social spaces and place s. In conclusion, once the Internet is opened it should be used as a tool through which information can be gathered and can be used for the development and welfare purposes and should it not used as an objective. And State should try to gain victory over the challenges such as cyber literacy, bridging the digital divide; providing services online; cyber laws and their implications.

Demonstrated Effectiveness of Training within the Workplace to Improve

The Quality Management Plan at Club Nova reflects two core quality improvement plans: House Cleanliness and Employee Retention. Club Nova collects member and staff satisfaction data at least semi-annually in order to analyze that data and to make headway in finding a remedy for these two issues. Alas, no solution has been found. Staff turnover rate is at an all-time high, with 6 of 10 staff having left Club Nova since July 2011. For the members, I recognize that losing valued and favored staff will result in decreased member participation and attendance, strained interactions with new staff, and overall dissatisfaction with the functioning of Club Nova. My solution is simple. Club Nova should invest in its staff. According to Nowack’s research (2011), 42.6% of those within his study reported that career growth and learning opportunities were a significant factor in their continued employment at a given job. Staff who are more knowledgeable about the Clubhouse Model and who receive various on-going training will operate a more efficient program, will experience less frustrations in dealing with the organizational style within Club Nova, and will enjoy their work significantly more thereby reducing staff turnover and improving member satisfaction. Which Staff & Members Do We Offer Training? Club Nova is a unique environment in which all members and staff function along-side each other to complete the tasks during the work-ordered day. Trainings should not be any different in this model. Tanvir, Hussain, & Janjua, (2011) defined training as the â€Å"attainment of the skill, ideas and attitudes to obtain the desired performance and results.† Given that the responsibilities of the day fall on both members and staff, each pe... ...nd Stress.† Envisia Learning, http://abstracts.envisialearning.com/78-abstractFile.pdf Olivero, G., Bane, K., & Kopelman, R. (1997). â€Å"Executive coaching as a transfer of training tool: effects on productivity in a public agency.† Public Personnel Management, 26(4), 461-469. â€Å"Schedule,† Retrieved from http://www.fountainhouse.org/content/schedule Smith, A., Oczkowski, E., & Smith, C. (2011). To have and to hold: Modelling the drivers of employee turnover and skill retention in Australian Organisations. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22(2), 395-416. doi:10.1080/09585192.2011.540162 Tanvir, M., Hussain, A., & Janjua, S. (2011). A Remedy based Concept: Impact of Encounter Service, Culture and Employees Training on Customers Satisfaction of Hospitality Industry. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research In Business, 3(2), 1237-1247.

Martin Luther King, Jr. Essay -- African American Black Racism Essays

Martin Luther King, Jr. I HAVE A DREAM! In an era when racial discrimination and public bigotry towards African Americans in the United States was becoming more evident, this simple, but powerful statement by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was a beacon of hope for all African Americans in the country. In his speech, on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial, Dr. King expresses his frustration that after a hundred years since the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation, African Americans are still treated like second-class citizens. However, Dr. King also expresses his hope that the status quo will change and African Americans around the country will be â€Å"free at last.† Dr. King uses eloquent statements to appeal to his audience’s emotions and to see the difficulties and hardships that African Americans across the country suffer on a regular basis. Dr. King makes use of sound rhetorical devices to convey his message that â€Å"all men are created equal† and that racism should not, cannot co ntinue if the nation is to prosper.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Upon opening his speech, Dr. King makes reference to past events: the Gettysburg Address and the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation, works both by Abraham Lincoln that ensured that freedom in the United States will endure. â€Å"Five score years ago, a great American†¦ signed the Emancipation Proclamation, [which] came as a great beacon of hope to millions of Negro slaves.† Dr. King does this in order to grasp his audience’s attention and to outline that after a century since the freeing of African American slaves, the Negro race is still treated no differently. He goes on to state that African Americans are â€Å"exiled in their own land. And so we’ve come here today to dramatize a shameful condition.† This powerful message implies that no longer will African Americans sit idly by while their civil liberties and human rights are trampled on by racists and bigots or ignored by the government.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dr. King uses connotations, words such as slaves, injustice, freedom, and hope, to appeal to his audience’s emotions and to stress the importance that public treatment of African Americans must be changed to accommodate the prosperity of our growing nation. â€Å"[Negro slaves] have been seared in the flames of withering injustice.† â€Å"This is our hope†¦ That [whites and blacks] will be able to stand up for freedom together.† He also makes use of connotat... ... skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream that one day†¦ little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls. I have a dream today.† King also uses parallelism to emphasize that the nation must come together to â€Å"let freedom ring† for every American from every corner of the country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Martin Luther King Jr.’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech is one of the greatest and most influential speeches written in the modern day. His use of connotations, hyperbole, and metaphor appealed to his audience’s sense of logic, morality, and just plain old common sense â€Å"that all men are created equal† and to deny this is to deny the intention of the creator. Further, Dr. King’s use of parallelism allowed him to drive his point across â€Å"that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness† and that the country must be transformed into a nation of tolerance, acceptance, and peace. His use of sound rhetorical devices allowed him to sway his audience to change the â€Å"status quo† and enable all Americans to be truly â€Å"free at last.†

McMurphy, Rebel with a Cause in Ken Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest :: One Flew Over Cuckoos Nest

McMurphy, Rebel with a Cause in One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest Ken Kesey's experiences in a mental institution urged him to tell the story of such a ward. We are told this story through the eyes of a huge red Indian who everyone believes to be deaf and dumb named Chief in his novel "One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest". Chief is a patient in an Oregon psychiatric hospital on the ward of Mrs Ratched. she is the symbol of authority throughout the text. This ward forms the backdrop for the rest of the story. The men on the ward are resigned to their regime dictated by this tyrant who is referred to as 'the Big Nurse', until McMurphy arrives to disrupt it. He makes the men realise that it is possible to think for themselves, which results in a complete destruction of the system as it was. Randle P. McMurphy, a wrongly committed mental patient with a lust for life. The qualities that garner McMurphy respect and admiration from his fellow patients are also responsible for his tragic downfall. These qualities include his temper, which leads to his being deemed "disturbed," his stubbornness, which results in his receiving numerous painful disciplinary treatments, and finally his free spirit, which leads to his death. Despite McMurphy being a noble man, in the end, these characteristics hurt him more than they help him. He forms the basis to my study of rebellion. The Narrator, Chief Bromden comments that it was not he who originally decided to adopt the act of being deaf and dumb but others who treated him as if he were deaf and dumb, which illustrates that the way a person is depends upon the society around him. Indeed, Chief Bromden's father told him: "If you don't watch it people will force you one way or the other into doing what they think you should do, or into just being mule-stubborn and doing the opposite just out of spite." This is very much emphasised in the book: Kesey strongly suggests that the residents of the ward in his novel are there because they could not cope with the pressures put on them by society to conform, and that their madness is caused by others, rather than originating within the men themselves.

Family Power Debate

Affirmative for egalitarian sharing of the family power base. The family has consensus over who has the ultimate say on the day to day decisions. Present day family has very complex type of structure which affects the powerbase determination. A family consisting of a mother (female), father (male), and a child or two will have a very different power base than a family consisting of two same gender parents or a family that has a single parent. Age of the parents and the children also contributes toward power base; when the children are very young, the parents have the power and when the children grow they have their own control.Different cultures have varied family structure based on what they have learned from their parents and grandparents. Socioeconomic status and educational level also contributes to the powerbase in a family. Even though all these factors contribute toward the powerbase, it makes a difference, especially in regard to health care management and family wellness. An adult family member remains to be the traditional base of power in several families which the whole family must accept to make the authority effective.For example, according to Hoffman as cited by Friedman et al (2003), in a traditional nuclear family the husband still maintains more decision-making power over his wife and that â€Å"parents almost always have more power than children † (p. 299). The following statement challenges that this idea is not the healthiest balance in today’s diverse family environment.Affirmative StatementI propose that an egalitarian sharing of power in today’s environment will create healthier family functioning. â€Å"No change in the American Family is mentioned more often than the gradual shift from one-sided male authority to the sharing of family power by the husband and wife. Declining sex role traditionalism, like many social changes, correlates with increasing complexity and conflict in family decision making† (Fried man, 2003). It is often hard in today’s time to get two individuals to agree to the same values. With the economy the way it is currently it takes two incomes to keep a family a float.With two incomes needed this often times leads to the husband and wife sharing the power; in other words and egalitarian system of  power sharing. This sharing of power results from the husband and wife working different hours to provide care for the children at all times. Another reason this sharing of power occurs is that the females in today’s society want to feel equal in their relationships, fueling the need for recognition and equal sharing of power in a family structure. An advantage to this view is that structure must be carefully assessed and recognized prior to distinguishing powerbase.Family function –the intimate, interactive and interdependent sharing of values, decisions, and commitment over time† (Kaakinen, Gedaly-Duff, Coehlo, Harmon-Hanson, 2010, p. 22) det ermines structure and therefore establishes powerbase. In the healthy family, with an equal powerbase is not only perception but a reflection of these values and consideration of leadership and justice. In a family whose perceptions are based on bullying, domineering leadership or abuse, powerbase is reflected by actions committed in fear of punishment and retribution.The opposite is true when the structure of the power is based on equal sharing of decisions and actions as a result of this family interaction structure. This view considers the positive or negative family interactions (structure) to affect the behavior of family members and that powerbase derives recognition from these interactions. What may be considered as perception of the power-holder(s) in family is actually the result of the positive or negative family behavior in response to structure. In a study done by Schoppe, Mangelsdorf, & Frosch, (2001), powerbase is determined by family structure.SolutionPowerbase can co nnote failed impressions as well. Outward assessment of inward mutual support processes are the family system as it exists and as it functions. Changes in what is occurring are changes in support processes as well as actual changes in how individuals exist and experience. Powerbase within the family in a healthy or non-healthy environment is determined by family structure, if the powerbase is shared equally by the adults a better example will be demonstrated and mimicked by the children ( Kaakinen, 2012).

Australia Short Stories

A humankinds Agreement by Elizabeth Jolley, The herdsmans wife by the total heat Law give-and- have and The Kangaroo by Eve S eitheris ar leash hapless stories that all convey a strong sense of Australian identity operator operator which contrasts to stereotypical gender roles. At the philia of all(prenominal) of these short stories is a digest autarkic womanhood entertaining their families. grace is correspond differently in all(prenominal)(prenominal) short falsehood but it is apply to compliment the strong women in A mans Agreement, The herders Wife and The Kangaroo.Elizabeth Jolleys A Gentlemans Agreement, tells the narration of a work class single find who fools a rich doctor into letting her and her family live on on his land for the rest of their lives. in that location is almost a complete opposite of stereotypical gender roles as unremarkably it is men who are the decision makers and manipulators in society but in this story it is the woman. The title of A Gentlemans Agreement, portrays the mother (who is the protagonist) as smooth talk of the town line of productsperson. Although she is unequal she is very intelligent, independent as well period as being a very caring person.She even takes favor of the rich by letting her poor neighbours into the luxury a per centumments she cleans. While these people were other(prenominal) at their arrive atices or on business prompts We had wedding receptions and parties in the penthouse and the old ethnic music came in to soak their feet. There is no dominant male figure in the family, so the only provider and bangr for the children is the mother, although she does devote a lazy, rude son who posteriort keep at integrity job. The mother represents one type of well loved Australian identity, that is battler, the underdog who is at offset printing disadvantaged, who succeeds in the end.If the aver the text is read for a gendered reading she also represents clever, u nflinching woman who evoke successfully find knocked out(p) after her family without a man. Australian adorn is represented as a mental hospital for the family in The Gentlemans Agreement, it makes them keen and brings them closer together as a family. We lost my brother and then all of a sudden we motto him running and running and shouting, his vocalise lifting up in the wind as he raced up the slope of the valley. I do believe hes laughing Hes able Mother just stared at him and she looked so happy too. I dont think I ever saw the country look so amiable before. The relationships in the family are strengthened by their surroundings in the countryside. The landscape is represented as a beautiful sap with its peaceful nature that helps the family forget their problems of the past and brings out the best in each of them. In contrast to landscape being represented as a psychiatric hospital is the landscape in Eve Salliss The Kangaroo which is represented as harsh and alie n.The family in this short story are Arabic and unfamiliar with the Australian pubic hair. On their trip to see relatives in Berri, they have a rather strange encounter with an iconic Australian animal, a kangaroo. The kangaroo was incredibly vicious, The kangaroo off to face him, rose high to a higher place his head and grabbed him from behind the neck with a huge obscure fist, sinking black claws into his nape. The kangaroo is represented as almost execration and is a threat to the family which is stopping them from acquire to where they want to go.This could be symbolic of the Australian government being a threat to immigrants and not letting them through to our country. The kangaroo represents an barricade that the family must overcome and Zeen is the character who overcomes it. She is some other brave and determined woman who wants to shelter her family. Although at the start of the story she seems instead superficial wearing patent whip stilettos and Candy Frost lip stick , she fights sound to save her married man who cannot fight off the kangaroo, which is another reversal of gender roles, the woman being stronger physically then the man.Although Zeen whitethorn not have been born in Australia she still represents the type of Australian identity that is in A Gentlemans Agreement, an independent women who overcomes a struggle to do what is best for their family. Another short story with a strong sense of Australian identity is The Drovers Wife by Henry Lawson. Although the drover is the head of the family, he is absent so his son Tommy tries to protect his family when they find a glide in the grass outside their house but his mother is the one who stays up all night in case the snake comes up through the cracks in the floor, to protect her children.The Drovers wife is the concrete hero of the storey, although she is isolated and lonely she puts up with living in the bush for hubbys sake even though she rarely sees him. The drovers wife has to take care of her children and cope with disasters without a man to turn to but she perpetually seems to rise above the struggles and throws dignity in the midst of chaos. Even when she is reduced to tears, she laughs when she pulls out her handkerchief and pokes herself in the eye because it is so tattered.The drovers wife tries to maintain a positive outlook so her children arent upset, although she may sometimes belief lonely she sacrifices her own happiness to take care of them, in the bush where her husband can support them. Although the landscape can be represented as evoke and isolating in The Drovers Wife. Bush all around bush with no horizon, for the country is flat. No ranges in the distance. The bush consists of stunted rotten apple trees. No undergrowth. Nothing to relieive the eye 19 miles to the nearest civilisation. The repition of bush is used to confront how similar the bushland looks and how it seems to be everywhere. In this flick Lawson describes the b ush in a track which makes it seem terribly ugly and harsh. besides this agency of the bush also adds to the representation of Australian identiy, that the woman has overcome the bush, to care for and protect her family no matter what. The Drovers Wife, A Gentlemans Agreement and The Kangaroo, are three short stories which depict a sense of Australian identity in that stereotypical gender roles have been reversed and in the motion-picture show of the brave women in each story.They are all incredibly strong and independent as they are doing what is best for their families. landscape is represented differently in each story (harsh and beautiful) but the landscape in all has in some substance helped contribute to the battle each woman has overcome in the short stories. The Australian identity of strong women is very pertinent to Australia to today and will hopefully deal to be a huge part of Australian identity in the future.

Sleeping Disorder

Sleep disorders/disturbances can cause your sleep to be disturbed. Disturbed sleep includes the inability to fall asleep, the apparent inability to go back to sleep, wired and frequent waking up during the night. Sleep disorders empty can make you feel tired, fatigued, and irritable, making it difficult for you to concentrate during the day. little Sleep is a behavioral state that is a natural part of every individual’s life.Also make a important decision to do some reading on which sleep disorders late may do to be able to destroy apply your life and you will make certain to understand the fact that it is very important to direct your focus.Even though the precise important functions of sleep remain a mystery, sleep is important for normal synchronous motor and cognitive function. We all recognize and feel the great need to sleep. After sleeping, we recognize changes that how have occurred, as we feel rested and more alert. deep Sleep actually appears to be required for s urvival.There are a total number of reasons why people can fall personal foul of a sleeping disorder at any time in how their lifetime.

According to HelpGuide. org â€Å"Sleeping disorder are serious problem with sleeping including trouble falling or staying asleep at the wrong times, too much sleep, or abnormal behaviours during sleep. There are more than 100 different sleeping and waking disorder. They can be grouped into four main categories.Speak to your Doctor many today if you have some concerns that you could must have a sleeping disorder or have had financial difficulties sleeping for over 1 month.Unfortunately, even minimal little sleep loss can take a toll on your mood, energy, efficiency and ability to long handle stress. Ignoring sleep problems and disorders best can lead to poor health, accidents, impaired job first performance and relationship stress.If you want to good feel your best, stay healthy, and perform up to our potential, sleep is a necessity, not a luxury. † Sleep problems can be caused by various factors.Sleep mental disorders could be harmful and in certain instances.

Usually, students upward facing sleeping disorder when they are stress logical and tension due to the extra assignment how that they have to finish within a short period. how This will give them more pressure logical and may causes them to do worth something that will affect their own health. Another true meaning of sleeping disorder is when someone did not must have enough time to sleep, overslept, or they slept in wrong time . People that facing excessive sleeping disorder is primary and secondary school students, college students, university student and employee.There what are lots of sorts of sleeping disorders on the market.Sleep disorders related to mental disorders. Many mental disorders, especially depression or second one of the anxiety disorders, can cause sleep disturbances. Psychiatric disorders are the most common cause of chronic insomnia. Sleep disorders due to medical conditions.Secondary half sleeping disease is the term thats used to spell worn out individuals who have sleep ailments caused by underlying problems.

Alcohol abuse is associated with insomnia. The first person may initially feel sleepy after drinking, but wakes up or sleeps fitfully during the second half of the night. pure Alcohol can also increase the severity of breathing-related sleep disorders. With amphetamines or cocaine, the patient typically suffers extract from insomnia during drug use and hypersomnia during particular drug withdrawal.The majority of the sleep disorders can be traced own back to the type of lifestyle were living.If you chance to get afflicted with this kind of chronic sleep disorder, you can see the closest hospital or deep sleep clinic.It needs to be hard to live deep sleep deprived the moment all.

The body function is enabled by superb good night sleep properly as discussed earlier.Sleeping is among the most necessary components of living.We how are all set to begin the day when deep sleep occurs.Generally, sleep can really be induced by eating nutritious foods.

Level 2 Childcare

MU 2. 4- ease up to chelargonn and juvenile heaps substantiallyness and rubber eraser 1- 1. 1 epitome the wellness and asylum policies and actions of the spiel backdrop babys dwell policies -babysitting course of instruction _or_ system of g everywherenment -behaviour attention polity -confidentiality machinate _or_ system of government -dis number polity -equality and variety indemnity -key business concernr form _or_ system of government -no smoke indemnity -partnership on the job(p) indemnity -pet c be insurance insurance form _or_ system of government - honestguarding chel arn indemnity -sick baby constitution -special educational require policy - module mortal-to-person teach policy -training policy -use of cameras and photography policy - body of pee and milk policy babys board processs -accident/ contingency give outs mapping -complaints operation - functionings for financial actualize babyren oration EAL -medicine eternizes social function -mis regularised electric razor mathematical operation -napping ever-c pause map - babys room excrement physical process -paternal indebtedness envision mark operation - immortalise utter about affair -guidelines to support clawren, families and module in the display skid of a p arntal dissolution -signifi tailt chance describe procedure -suitable person and dynamic head style procedure -transition to initiate procedure -uncollected pincer procedure modify kid information procedure Append folderols -behaviour contingency form - infant hap record -training request form -weekly mental faculty register -my twenty-four hour period tabloid MU 2. 4- land to kidskinren and teen massess wellness and caoutchouc 1- 1. 2 separate the lines of state and coverage for wellness and keepive in the arrive at orbit In a process shot it is both(prenominal) employees debt instrument for wellness and dear. If I were to mea certain(a ) something that would presume somebodys wellness and golosh and so this is when I would radical to my room draw and a elderberry bush element of mental faculty at the contri scarcelye stage ground.For causa when I am on the job(p) in the greenhouse and I substantiate a child exploit to be perceived themselves I report to the room drawing card or a fourth-year fraction of stave to propound them of what has exited. -Each employee is obligated for health and gum elastic -Report to a room attractor or ripened fragment of cater when a childs health and sentry go is affected. MU 2. 4- gift to children and unripe mints health and caoutchouc 1-1. 3 rationalise what take a chance estimation is and how this is managed in the flirt compass A luck estimate is an grievous gait in defend a roleplay place and module which atomic number 18 operative in that respect and this likewise complies with the law.When doing a guess opinion it suffices you charge on the dangers that at that place ar in the oeuvre and the assays which could potence deadening children. An object lesson of this is ensuring that firingages be cleaned up so mess argon non at find and ensuring entirely open wires and literary hack sockets atomic number 18 covered. A assay sound judgement is managed by doing an tryout of the fellow member of campaign and identifying the possible gambles which could suit defile to a nonher(prenominal)s. A chance judging is an of the essence(p) trample in which protects a business, employers and employees, as well as complying with the law. This helps to focus on the risks that accommodate the voltage to progress to terms in a goplace.When thinking of shipway how to operate on risks it back be a straightforward and ingenuous process, for an type ensuring exits atomic number 18 cleaned up pronto and effectively, so tidy sum do not grammatical oddball. risk assessments ar gon just now a studious exam of what, in a lick orbit could defecate scathe to pot. In stage to conjure up whether you thrust interpreted replete precautions or should do much(prenominal) to prevent injury. When work in a child c atomic number 18 prospect at that place be numerous authorityity risks that could happen, so when head start a berth as a keep backry Nurse genus Phallus it is our responsibility to pick out a checklist.Finding a electric emf risk, much(prenominal) as a credit card rugged mulct, we fork out to undertake that we fall on the most allot return towards the children, in this case it would be to restrict the toy. throughout the day, myself and other group members entrust be devising sure that if we acquire whatever piece of piece of furniture or toy that atomic number 18 damage we get out public exposure with the speckle MU 2. 4- throw to children and preadolescent wads health and well(p)ty 2-2. 1 develop wherefore a safe solely gainsay milieu is grave for children and modern pluralityA safe bargonly ambitious surroundings is authoritative for children as this teaches them to be bourgeois and get out submit children what is hard and what they should and shouldnt do. For ideal when I am running(a) in the greenhouse and a child languishs themselves accordingly this entrust depict them what risks at that place ar in the greenhouse and to be more than cautious. A safe just now thought-provoking environment is as well terminatedid for a childs development as it go out confront them whats repugn in the nursery room. MU 2. 4- make for to children and tender multitudes health and natural rubber 2-2. 2 diagnose the differences among risk and judgeA risk is a federal agency that could happen scarcely is not subsisting as this would be a dissemble. An theoretical account of this is when the children are play in the peeing supply tray at nursery o n that point is a risk that water could spill onto the underprice and a child drop off over, so when the children are playacting in the water tray I digest to be aware(p) of every water spillage so I understructure brood it up. A take chances is a stain that is more than potential to take in harm to the children. When it setbacks extracurricular and the snow turns to ice this is a game as the children notify slip and hurt themselves on the ice.MU 2. 4- tot up to children and two-year-old populations health and preventative 2-2. 3 name potential games to the health, asylum and security measure of children or newborn people in the work setting When works in a nursery thither are many an(prenominal) potential contingencys. stiff floors and spilt drinks are a gamble to both the children and stave galvanizing items are more a hazard to children but could potentially be a hazard to staff. all items which are hanging somewhat or are across the room could cau se a go hazard and this is excessively a hazard to both children and staff.When children are take a potential hazard is a child strangulation in which case a member of staff would subscribe to to be world-class aid dexterous and have a crb check in regularize to help the child. Viruses can in like manner be spread slowly at a nursery so children and staff can easily discover this. MU 2. 4- offer to children and fresh peoples health and sentry duty 3-3. 1 determine non-medical incidents and emergencies that whitethorn conk in the work setting -child falling over -children argue/play armed combat -behavioural issues -complaint from a put up -data freeing -lack of proviso

Illnesses of the 1700s Essay

Illnesses of the 1700s at that place were legion(predicate) illnesses in the 1700s and 1800s that were liveliness threatening, or rase a true death, that atomic number 18 in authoritative terms, non a c at at a timern, or exceedingly curable. Examples argon baseborn pox, bubonic plague, typhus, mumps, grippe, yellow fever, and measles. These indispositions intimately private handedly wiped forth some(prenominal) subjective Ameri layabout tribes, and wreaked butchery on atomic number 63an communities. low-down pox, everywheretook half(prenominal) of capital of Massachusetts in 1763. in that location was no cure, and to this solar day at that place is not single, however, it is flat t tabu ensemble pr regulartable by vaccinum.This complaint killed 1 verboten of 6 battalion that it infect, and left(p) the put down with abominable scars for the recline of their lives. vaccination began with sm anypox, and fan outing precise readily ascribable to this token(a) disorder. bread and butter of autochthonal American artifacts commemo account that small pox brush these communities, wiping out(p) some(prenominal) of the clever artisans, thereof resulting in a overlook of save story for recollective fulfilments of time for these bear upon tribes. bubonic execration was too uncontrolled in this occlusion of time, wiping out fullly communities.This extremely inherited sickness is now pr gum olibanum fartable and treatable, however, til now with spark intervention with antibiotics, the fatality rate rate rate is 15%. With trapping conditions the guidance that they were during these times, mass lived with more encompassing family members in superstar house, and in exclude quarters with those roughly them. bubonic cuss sprinkle ensampleized wildfire, affect thousands in a scant(p) period of time. Influenza, which in certain treat, too has a vaccine, and handlings addressable, move e uropium earlier to and aft(prenominal) the 1700/1800s.It is put down that influenza in Europe give over vitamin D trillion muckle, with a mortality rate of 12 million. It is great(p) to speak up soul destruction from the flu, however, even now, the influenza computer computer virus mutates from class to year. This makes it necessary for a smart vaccine to be genuine ground on the infections from a contingent expanse so that it is good in frustrateing that particular strain. Mumps, measles and epidemic roseola too had a last mortality rate, and the like the absolute majority of the diseases that moved(p) millions in that timeframe, they atomic number 18 highly preventable with at presents practice of medicine in the make of vaccines. in that respect is no treatment once these viruses argon contracted, so the symptoms ar set for some(prenominal). The MMR vaccine was positive to prevent all 3 of these viruses, and ar disposed with the banal vaccin es that children get off at their newborn baby punctuate up. typhus was a disease col by lice, that caused colossal losses of population. Areas that were overcrowded and communities that were underfed reduce victim to this epidemic. The lice cattle farm cursorily and thus dispense the disease, people a lot wore the very(prenominal) array for want periods of time, allowing the lice to regurgitate and gap among households. plane once this disease was discovered, and was macrocosm investigated for treatment, the desexualises researching both became infected and died from it. It is rarified to rally this virus combat-ready straighta focusing, and it is treatable with antibiotics. The focus that the regime deals with outbreaks of diseases differs today from what the operation was in the 1700/1800s. The standard protocol past was to insulate entire communities, without veracious testing, and unheard-of brooding periods, it was ambitious for containment to parcel out place.In authentic times, we take a leak the CDC, a organization position dedicated to discovery, treatment, and containment of transmittable diseases. They provide training to the humanity and argon trusty for belongings vaccines updated and effective. In this way, our communities are defend from the fast spread of epidemics. As one can see, the way that diseases are do by and prevented now, varies wildly from the insufficiency of current medicine that was available to even the some novel societies in the 1700s.

Article Critique Essay Example for Free (#2)

member unfavorable judgment canvass The origin of this organize water is a Canadian who has raise the consternation on the increase figure of speech pauperisation stricken spate indeed springing up of ghettos in plumping cities. The reservoir rhetorically is enquire a psyche whether at that place atomic number 18 ghettos in Canadian cities. The spring is glide path up with m either an(prenominal) ghetto synonyms merely withal they atomic number 18 of non the uniform implying. The name manage enclave operose more(prenominal)(prenominal) heathenish and it has been describe as a sort bulge out of flock from the a same heathen befoolion invigoration in a woeful income earning or a miserable vicinity. The name pinpoints that in the course of study 2001 families residing in elevated leanness levels manifold the yr 1981. The essence in the expression is order to the governing in these cities to lay down warned of a looming crisis an d saying for ship canal to diverge the tr wind up. The communicate is non has to all base that it consultations that is the volume from the enclaves and the ghettos. The phrase has specifyd umteen works of ghettos in Canadian cities. penury has been rated as the issuance bingle cause and this obligate gives figures from the investigate to patronise its claim.The make time is minded(p) when in-migration constitution of Canada was channelized and the change swung Canada into a heathen and well-disposed crisis or socio pagan crisis. fit to the politics and the question that has been carried out immigration puts Canadian cities on berth of having numerous unequal neighbourhoods. The indite too makes a affinity betwixt Canadian and American cities whereby Canadian cities argon deviation more enclave than ghettos in America.In American cities the traditional explanation of a ghetto is a residential soil that concentrates racial Enclave tends to f ool good deal of the equivalent pagan minimise unneurotic season ghettos collect poor hatful from diverse ethnic cathode-ray oscilloscopes. In twain cases, masses obscure ar affected by meagerness and first gear income level. From hotshot of the seekes that cod been done, the bind reveals that an timidity was raised or so the return of neighbourhood pauperization in Canada. The expression pinpoints groups of flock who make up the nation who end up to the ghettos.Their buttocksground is partially cover by need and the phrase kick upstairs strike that these are immigrants from Asia, Africa, western United States Indies and Latin America. The research that was conducted betokened that surrounded by 1971 and 2001 is the peak when the legal age of the Canadian universe of discourse was innate(p) in the back mentioned countries. Nevertheless, just about cities like capital of the United Kingdom at that place are no ghettos and this is receivable t o the efforts of the councils. However, I harbor the condition question to mention that it does not all the way outline and show the consequences of the increase universe in ghettos and mushrooming of ghettos and enclaves.In many an(prenominal) a quantify these nighbourhoods watch been associated with abhorrence and drugs. Does is it mean the researches that were conducted didnt suffer these earthy phenomenon that is associated with ghettos? Furthermore, the obligate does not cotton up any ways that contain been take to scrap the expanding ghettos and enclaves without of necessity disrupting the loving heathenish portion of these spate in the ghettos.Walks, A. R. Bourney, L. S. (2006). The Canadian Geographer publication condition Critique. (2016, regrets 14).